毕业设计外文资料翻译.doc

济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译毕业设计外文资料翻译 题 目 对于密肋复合墙体这一新结构的前瞻性分析 学 院 土木建筑学院 专 业 土木工程 班 级 土木1005班 学 生 学 号 指导教师 二一 四年 三 月 六 日Construction Management Modernization，(5)： 32 （ 8 ）：53- 56，71.Prospective Analysis of a New Building Structure Adopting multi-ribbed composite wall structure Qianfeng Yao,Lei Xia, Jie Zhang Abstract：At present , with a serious energy crisis，the energy consumption of residential building is rising dramatically , and it is essential for us to develop energy-saving building . Multi-ribbed composite wall structure(MRCWS)is a new type of structure which adapts to the policies of wall reform and energy-saving building . It has great advantages in energy-conserving , environment-protecting , seism-resisting and cost-saving which fit in with the sustainable development of real estate industry. In this paper , the constitution of MRCWS is introduced , and the characteristics are discussed which indicate that MRCES is a new high-tech green&environmental structure . In order to show the advantages of MRCWS , comparisons are made with traditional structures , construction techniques and applicable range are presented , and the economic benefit of MRCWS is analyzed in detail from the view of production cost and project schedule , with a practical project given as an example to show the low cost of MRCWS . At last , the supports and awards of MRCWS are listed and the general-develop history is reviewed . It draws the conclusion that MRCWS will have a broad prospect .Key words : multi-ribbed composite wall structure , sustainable development , economic benefit .1INTRODUCTION Presently , the environment destruction and energy crisis , which are becoming more and more serious , have been the crucial problems restricting the national economy and sustainable development in China(Tian 2005) . China , a great energy-consuming country , eats up 300 million tons of petroleum and 1.8 billion tons of raw coal each year , among which the energy consumption of residential building occupies 25一27 . By now , there are about 43 billion square-meter buildings in china , but 98of them are of high energy consumption , and in the 1.6-2 billion square-meter buildings newly built each year , more than 95of them are high-energy- consuming . So it is urgent for us to develop energy-saving buildings in China . Luckily , the Chinese government has noticed this serious problem and is making a great effort to change this phenomenon . Adapting to the national policies of wall reform and energy- saving building , Multi-ribbed composite wall structure(MRCWS) was developed by Xian University of Architecture&Technology and Beijing Jiaotong University . It shows great advantages in energy-conserving , environment-protecting , seism-resisting and so on which fit in with the sustainable development . MRCWS is composed of pre-cast multi-ribbed composite wallboard (MRCW) , cast-in-place concealed outer frame and floor . MRCW , a new kind of pre-cast board component , is composed of low-ratio-of-reinforcement RC frame grids filled with porous lightweight blocks which are made of industrial waste , and it is the main bearing component in MRCWS . Concealed outer frame , composed of end frame column , connecting column and concealed beam , is used to confine and to bear loads together with MRCW(Yao 2003) . The constitution of MRCWS is shown in Fig1 Fig1 ：Multi-ribbed composite wall structure1.Professor,School of Civil Engineering&Architecture,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing, China;PH(86)1 0-51687249;FAX(86) 10-51683956;Email:yaoqf808. 2.Ph.D.Candidate.School of Civil Engineering&Architecture,Beijing Jiaotong University .Beijing,China;PH(86)10-51687249;FAX(86)10-51683956;Email:xiaoleiattrisina.corn3. Ph. D. Candidate. School of Civil Engineering & Architecture. Beijing Jiaotong.University.Beijing.China;PH(86)1m51687249;FAX(86)10-51683956:Email:zhangjiel0006126.coom2CHRACTERISTICS OF MRCWS Real estate industry is a basic and dominant industry in the national economy , and its sustainable development has a great influnce on that of the whole society . In order to develop sustainably, the real estate industry needs not only to satisfy the demands of us , but also to protect the land and environment for our descendants As a new high-tech building structure，MRCWS has many characteristics which adapt to the sustainable development of real estate industry2.1Energy Conservation According to the governments 1lth Five-Year Plan(2006-2010) , energy consumption for every 10,000-yuan(1,298 USdollars)of gross domestic product should be reduced by 20 percent by the end of that period . Meanwhile, the discharge of sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand should drop by 10 percent . To achieve this energy saving and emission reduction targets , a good effort should be made by real estate industry . Compared with traditional structures. MRCWS has a good performance of heat preservation with the use of porous light-weight blocks. Meanwhile, a new technique connecting local-heat-conservation with whole-heat-conservation is applied ,so it will be much easier to satisfy the national demand of reducing energy consumption by 65before 2010 and will do much good to the development to the residential energy conservation . 2.2 Environment Protection China has a population of nearly 1.3 billion , while the cultivated land area is only 95 million hectares , namely 143 mu per capita, 1ess than 40 of the average level in the world . However, with an annual brick output of more than 600 billion pieces, more than 1.0 billion cubic meters of clay is consumed, which means more than 500,000-Mu cultivated land is destoried and about 70 million tons of coal is consumed . Facing seriously deteriorated environment , it is required in the 10th five-year wall reform plan that solid clay brick should be forbidden in 170 cities by the end of June 30 , 2003 , and in all the cities by the end of 2010 . Getting rid of clay bricks and recycling a great deal of industrial waste ,MRCWS can save large amounts of land and keep the environmental more balanced . Statistics indicate that about 8,000 square-meter land would be protected and 2,0003,000 cubic-meter industrial waste be reused for building an area of l0.000 square-meter houses .2.3 Seism Resistance With a light deadweight of 7.2kN/which is just about 53of solid-brick-and-concrete structure , 65 of perforated-brick-and- concrete structure , 72 of frame structure , or 68 of shear wall structure . MRCWS can dramatically reduce the seismic load . What is more , as the blocks crack and close over and over again , a large amount of seismic energy is dissipated , just as a damper does . Researches and experiments show that MRCES has a good seismic performance which leads to an excellent safety and durability , and it is essential for the sustainable development of real estate industry . In a word, the development of MRCWS shows a lot of high-tech characteristics . According to the reform of wall material and the request of developing new energy-saving buildings , adopting new material , new structure and new techniques , connecting the subjects of structural engineering , material engineering and architectural environment , the development of MRCWS indicates that : it is a kind of greenenvironmental structure which satisfies the demands of sustainable development ; and it reveals the Chinese conception of “taking man as the foundation” as it can keep the structure much safer .3. PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS Generally speaking, as ahigh-tech- project , it should have advances in function, technology etc . (Fu 2003)However , the cost must be reasonable , or it would be too expensive to be accepted by the users , and that would make it no-market-competition . In order to show the prospect of MRCWS , comparisons are going to made with traditional structures below . 3.1 Comparisons with Traditional Structures According to the world index , no other similar researches and projects were found , and MRCWS was evaluated as a kind of original and advanced structure . Experiments and projects make it clear that : MRCES has great advantages over other structures widely used at present , shown in Table l(Zhang 2006) . Table 1:Cost of MRCWS with 200mm-thickness WallboardTable 2:Cost of MRCWS with 175mm-thickness WallboardTable 3:Cost of MCS with 240mm-thickness WallboardTable 4:Cost of MCS with 200mm-thickness & 365mm thickness Wallboard For masonry-concrete structure (MCS) , although it is handy to get materials and the cost are low , the deadweight is too heavy , the construction is excessively complicated , and the technology level is extremely low . What is worse, a lot of precious resources may be destroyed (clay must be used in MCS), and a large number of fiels may be damaged.Hollow-blocks-and concrete structure (HBCS) can be applied to take place of clay-bricks structure, but most of the work has to be done manually , and the working procedure is complex as well . Meanwhile, leak etc, and the seismic performance of HBCS is not very good either. Frame structure(FS) is a widely-used structure owing to its free arrangement and capacious space , and it has a vast applicability . However , as a result of low stiffness , the displacement is very large , which limits the constructing height of building .Moreover , the beams and columns in FS are so huge that they make the house in-aesthetic and uncomfortable . In order to solve this problem , a new kind of frame structure with specially-shaped columns hidden in the wall(short for SCFS) was developed. Nevertheless the behavior of this column is very complicated and it reduces the capability of the structure , so the application of this structure is narrowed , especially in the seismic area.Though shear wall wall structure (SWS) can not be freely designed as FS, it is suitable for buildings with short span. And the stiffness of SWS is much more strengthend than FS, which decreases the displacement greatly, so the high of buildings is enormously improved and SWS is popularly applied. But there remain some problems that SWS costs much more and it is not good at heat preservation and sound isolation. Short-pier shear wall structure (SPSWS) is a type of improved shear wall structure which is much flexible in layout, and it is particularly applicable to mid-height buildings, but the seismic performance needs to be reinforced . Compared to frame structure , the bearing capacity of MRCWS is much better; and in contrast with shear wall structure , the displacement performance is improved notably; and in contrary to masonry-concrete structure, the bearing capacity of MRCWS is 1.61.8 times higher , and the ultimate displacement is more than twice larger. Differently from the structures above , MRCWS is lightly-weighed and it has a good seismic performance ; it is mid-stiffened and the displacement ranges between FS and SWS . Furthermore , the stiffness of MRCWS can be adjusted in a certain degree to achieve an optimum effect。 Data in the table also show that the heat resistance value of 225mm-thickness MRCW is larger than that of 610mm-thickness solid brick wall(SBW)， and it is close to the value 490mm-thickness hollow brick wall(HBW), which has achieved the present energy-saving standard in China. In conclusion , this new kind of wallboard replaces traditional clay-brick walls； this new kind of structure upgrades the safety , applicability , durability and reliability of the building ; and this new kind of energy-saving techniques improves the easiness of the house . It is really a new kind of structure which can promote the development of the whole industry . However , MRCWS has not spread extensively , vigorous supports are urgently needed .3.2 Construction Techniques As a promising structure , the construction techniques should also be advanced and convenient , and the quality control must be ensured in the whole process . In MRCWS , MRCW is pre-cast and the construction of structure adopts assembled techniques , which makes it more convenient to use a series of mechanism . So the construction process of MRCWS includes two important steps : the production of MRCW and the assembly of MRCWS . MRCW being precast whether in the factory or in site , it is convenient to be manufactured in batches and large quantities . In the production process of MRCW , a patent has been awarded , and a general quality control system has been established , including the factors of Man , Material , Machine , Method Environrnent . Furthermore , technical specification has been authorized and enterprise standard has been compiled . All of these accelerate the production and control the quality effectively . When assembling , with the application of tower crane , it is portable to lift MRCW in place . In the practical projects , many experiences have been gained to make the assembly more accurate and much swifter , and to make the construction quality under control . Real projects show that all of these new techniques can enhance the constructing speed and level effectively . 3.3 Applicable Range Being a type of advanced structure which combines the advantages of frame structure and shear wall structure . MRCWS has a broad applicable range shown as follow : (1)Multi-story MRCWS can be applied to buildings with 68 stories , with the purpose of replacing masonry-concrete structure . (2)Little-high-rise MRCWS with frame support can be applied to buildings under 12 stories where there needs a large space at the bottom , and it can take me place of masonry-concrete structure or 1ittle-high-rise shear wall structure with frame support partly or totally . (3)Moderate-high-rise MRCWS can be applied to buildings under l 8 stories in order to substitute frame shear wall structure partly or shear wall structure partly or totally .3.4 Economic Analysis Lowering the cost is a very , effective way to raise the economical benefit , and the production cost indicates the manufacturing level , technical level and rnanaging level comprehensively , which determines the competitive ability and profitability of a corporation . The structure production cost generally includes : (1)material cost-including the purchasing cost , the transporting cost and the storing cost ect . (2)processing cost-composed of the equipment-consumed cost and energy-expended cost etc . (3)labor cost-consisting of the laborage and management cost etc . And there are many different ways to reduce the production cost . For example , adopting new te