外文翻译世界最新机械设计理念.doc

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院 (系)： 机械工程学院 专 业： 机械工程及自动化 姓 名： 学 号： (用外文写)外文出处： China Science and Technology Journal 附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该外文翻译语言流畅通顺，较准确完整地翻译了原文，所翻译的最新机械设计理念的文章，与毕业设计的课题相关。达到了本科毕业外文翻译的要求。 签名： 年 月 日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。附件1：外文资料翻译世界最新机械设计理念摘要：根据目前国内外设计学者进行机械产品设计时的主要思维特点，将产品方案的设计方法概括为系统化、结构模块化、基于产品特征知识和智能。这几种方法的特点及其相互间的有机联系，提出产品方案设计计算机实现的努力方向。 关键词：机械产品 方案设计方法 发展趋势文献1将语义设计网作为设计工具，在其开发的活性语义设计网ASK中，采用结点和线条组成的网络描述设计，结点表示元件化的单元(如设计任务、功能、构件或加工设备等)，线条用以调整和定义结点间不同的语义关系，由此为设计过程中的所有活动和结果预先建立模型，使早期设计要求的定义到每一个结构的具体描述均可由关系间的定义表达，实现了计算机辅助设计过程由抽象到具体的飞跃。一、系统化设计方法系统化设计方法的主要特点是：将设计看成由若干个设计要素组成的一个系统，每个设计要素具有独立性，各个要素间存在着有机的联系，并具有层次性，所有的设计要素结合后，即可实现设计系统所需完成的任务。系统化设计思想于70年代由德国学者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他们以系统理论为基础，制订了设计的一般模式，倡导设计工作应具备条理性。德国工程师协会在这一设计思想的基础上，制订出标准VDI2221技术系统和产品的开发设计方法。 1将用户需求作为产品功能特征构思、结构设计和零件设计、工艺规划、作业控制等的基础，从产品开发的宏观过程出发，利用质量功能布置方法，系统地将用户需求信息合理而有效地转换为产品开发各阶段的技术目标和作业控制规程的方法。2将产品看作有机体层次上的生命系统，并借助于生命系统理论，把产品的设计过程划分成功能需求层次、实现功能要求的概念层次和产品的具体设计层次。同时采用了生命系统图符抽象地表达产品的功能要求，形成产品功能系统结构。3将机械设计中系统科学的应用归纳为两个基本问题：一是把要设计的产品作为一个系统处理，最佳地确定其组成部分（单元）及其相互关系；二是将产品设计过程看成一个系统，根据设计目标，正确、合理地确定设计中各个方面的工作和各个不同的设计阶段。由于每个设计者研究问题的角度以及考虑问题的侧重点不同，进行方案设计时采用的具体研究方法亦存在差异。下面介绍一些具有代表性的系统化设计方法。 4设计元素法用五个设计元素（功能、效应、效应载体、形状元素和表面参数）描述“产品解”，认为一个产品的五个设计元素值确定之后，产品的所有特征和特征值即已确定。我国亦有设计学者采用了类似方法描述产品的原理解。 5图形建模法研制的“设计分析和引导系统”KALEIT，用层次清楚的图形描述出产品的功能结构及其相关的抽象信息，实现了系统结构、功能关系的图形化建模，以及功能层之间的联接。将设计划分成辅助方法和信息交换两个方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用图形符号、具有内容丰富的语义模型结构、可以描述集成条件、可以划分约束类型、可以实现关系间的任意结合等特点，将设计方法解与信息技术进行集成，实现了设计过程中不同抽象层间信息关系的图形化建模。6“构思”“设计”法将产品的方案设计分成“构思”和“设计”两个阶段。“构思”阶段的任务是寻求、选择和组合满足设计任务要求的原理解。“设计”阶段的工作则是具体实现构思阶段的原理解。将方案的“构思”具体描述为：根据合适的功能结构，寻求满足设计任务要求的原理解。即功能结构中的分功能由“结构元素”实现，并将“结构元素”间的物理联接定义为“功能载体”，“功能载体”和“结构元素”间的相互作用又形成了功能示意图(机械运动简图)。方案的“设计”是根据功能示意图，先定性地描述所有的“功能载体”和“结构元素”，再定量地描述所有“结构元素”和联接件(“功能载体”)的形状及位置，得到结构示意图。Roper，H.利用图论理论，借助于由他定义的“总设计单元(GE)”、“结构元素(KE)”、“功能结构元素(FKE)”、“联接结构元素(VKE)”、“结构零件(KT)”、“结构元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述结构元素尺寸、位置和传动参数间相互关系的若干种简图，把设计专家凭直觉设计的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地应用现有知识的方法，并将其应用于“构思”和“设计”阶段。7键合图法将组成系统元件的功能分成产生能量、消耗能量、转变能量形式、传递能量等各种类型，并借用键合图表达元件的功能解，希望将基于功能的模型与键合图结合，实现功能结构的自动生成和功能结构与键合图之间的自动转换，寻求由键合图产生多个设计方案的方法。提倡在产品功能分析的基础上，将产品分解成具有某种功能的一个或几个模块化的基本结构，通过选择和组合这些模块化基本结构组建成不同的产品。这些基本结构可以是零件、部件，甚至是一个系统。 本结构应该具有标准化的接口(联接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、层次化、灵便化、经济化，具有互换性、相容性和相关性。我国结合软件构件技术和CAD技术，将变形设计与组合设计相结合，根据分级模块化原理，将加工中心机床由大到小分为产品级、部件级、组件级和元件级，并利用专家知识和CAD技术将它们组合成不同品种、不同规格的功能模块，再由这些功能模块组合成不同的加工中心总体方案。以设计为目录作为选择变异机械结构的工具，提出将设计的解元素 进行完整的、结构化的编排，形成解集设计目录。并在解集设计目录中列出评论每一个解的附加信息，非常有利于设计工程师选择解元素。网络技术的蓬勃发展，异地协同设计与制造，以及从用户对产品的功能需求设计加工装配成品这一并行工程的实现成为可能。但是，达到这些目标的重要前提条件之一，就是实现产品方案设计效果的三维可视化。为此，不仅三维图形软件、智能化设计软件愈来愈多地应用于产品的方案设计中，虚拟现实技术以及多媒体、超媒体工具也在产品的方案设计中初露锋芒。目前，德国等发达国家正着力于研究超媒体技术、产品数据交换标准STEP，以及标准虚拟现实造型语言上基于虚拟环境的标准交换格式)在产品设计中的应用。机械产品的方案设计正朝着计算机辅助实现、智能化设计和满足异地协同设计制造需求的方向迈进，由于产品方案设计计算机实现方法的研究起步较晚，目前还没有成熟的、能够达到上述目标的方案设计工具软件。作者认为，综合运用文中四种类型设计方法是达到这一目标有效途径。虽然这些方法的综合运用涉及的领域较多，不仅与机械设计的领域知识有关，而且还涉及到系统工程理论、人工智能理论、计算机软硬件工程、网络技术等各方面的领域知识，但仍然是产品方案设计必须努力的方向。国外在这方面的研究已初见成效，我国设计学者也已意识到CAD技术与国际交流合作的重要性，及其应当采取的措施。基于产品特征知识设计方法的主要特点是：用计算机能够识别的语言描述产品的特征及其设计领域专家的知识和经验，建立相应的知识库及推理机，再利用已存储的领域知识和建立的推理机制实现计算机辅助产品的方案设计。机械系统的方案设计主要是依据产品所具有的特征，以及设计领域专家的知识和经验进行推量和决策，完成机构的型、数综合。欲实现这一阶段的计算机辅助设计，必须研究知识的自动获取、表达、集成、协调、管理和使用。为此，国内外设计学者针对机械系统方案设计知识的自动化处理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可归纳为下述几种。附件2：外文原文The world's Latest Mechanical Design ConceptsAbstract: According to scholars at home and abroad to carry out mechanical design product design features of the main ideas, product design method of the program summarized as systematic, modular structure, based on product characteristics of knowledge and wisdom. The characteristics of these methods and their organic connection between them and put forward to achieve the computer product design direction.Key words: Mechanical Product Design Method Development TrendsDesign documents will be Semantic Web as a design tool in the design of its Semantic Web activity of the development of ASK, using nodes and lines to describe the design a network, nodes that components of the cell (such as design tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust the lines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the design process all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the definition of the early design requirements to the specific description of each structure can be defined by the relationship between the expression, achieved a computer-aided design process, the leap from the abstract to the concrete.A systematic design methodThe main features of a systematic design method are: the design as designed by a number of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, each element of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the design elements , you can design systems to achieve the required task.Systematic design idea in the 70's by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of the design, advocacy design work should have organized. German Engineers Association, on the basis of this design concept to develop a standard VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods. 1. The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structure design and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro from the product development process of starting the use of quality function deployment method and system to user demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational control procedures method.2. The level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means of living systems theory, the product design process can be divided into successful hierarchy of needs to achieve the functional requirements of the conceptual level and product level of the specific design. At the same time life-support systems used to express the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structure formation of product features.3. The mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basic questions: First, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way to determine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations; 2 is the product design process as a a system, according to design objectives, a correct and reasonably determine the various aspects of the design work and various design stage.Because each designer's point of research questions and to consider the question of emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. Here are some representative of the systematic design methods.4. Design Element MethodWith the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements, and surface parameters) describe the "product solutions" that a product to determine the value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and characteristics of the value of i.e. determined. Scholars in China have adopted similar methods designed to describe the product's original understanding.5. Graphic modeling methodAnd developed a "design analysis and guidance systems" KALEIT, with the level of clear graphic description of a product's functional structure and its associated abstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphical modeling, and functional connection between the layers 2.Assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology and exchange of information using the Nijssen Information Analysis Method can be used graphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integration conditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relations between any combination of characteristics , the design method to solve integration and information technology to realize the design process of information between different abstraction layers between the graphical modeling.6. "Concept" - "Design" methodProduct's design is divided into "concept" and "design" in two stages. "Concept" phase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements of the original understanding of design tasks. "Design" stage of work is a concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage.Of the program's "idea of" specific described as: In accordance with the appropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of the original understanding of the task. The functional structure of the sub-function is performed by the "structural elements" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical connection between the definition of a "feature vector", "feature vector" and "structural elements" further the interaction between the formation of the functional diagram ( mechanical diagram). The program "design" is based on functional diagram, the first qualitative description of all of the "feature vector" and "structural elements", and then quantitatively describe all the "structural elements" and the connection parts ( "feature vectors"), the shape and location to be structure diagram 3. Roper, H. using graph theory, by means of which he defines as the "total design unit (GE)", "structural elements (KE)", "functional structural elements (FKE)", "connect structural elements (VKE)", "Structural Parts (KT)", "structure element part (KET)" concepts, as well as describe the structure element size, location, and transmission parameters of the interactions between a number of kinds of schematics, the intuitive design professionals have done a formal design method a description of the formation of an effective application of existing knowledge, methods, and applied to "ideas" and "design" stage.7. Bond Graph MethodFunction of the composition of system components will be divided into produce energy, consumed energy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solution, hoping to function-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structure the automatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automatic conversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of design methods.To promote the product on the basis of functional analysis, the product has some features broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection and combination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.The structure should have a standardized interface (connection and co-operation department), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, agile, economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. China's combination of software component technology and CAD technology, variant design combined with the modular design, according to modular principle of classification, will be divided into descending Machining Center Machine Tool product level, component level, component level and component level, and use expert knowledge and CAD technology to combine them into different species, different specifications of functional blocks, and then by the combination of these functions into different modules of the overall program processing center.To design a directory as an alternative variation of the mechanical structure of the tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structured layout, the formation of the solution set design catalogs. And in the solution set designed to comment on each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is very beneficial to design engineers select solution elements.The vigorous development of network technology, collaborative design and manufacturing, as well as the product from the user's functional requirements design processing assembly finished product of this realization of concurrent engineering possible. However, an important prerequisite to achieve these goals one of the conditions is to realize the effect of product design three-dimensional visualization. To this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and more intelligent design software programs used in the product design, virtual reality technology and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product design is also its first debut. At present, Germany and other developed countries are focused on research hypermedia technology, product data exchange standard STEP, as well as standard virtual reality modeling language based on a standard exchange format for virtual environments) in the product design applications.Mechanical product design is moving in computer-aided realization of intelligent design and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture of direction, due to the computer product design Study on the implementation started late, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools 4. Author believes that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effective way to achieve this goal. Although the integrated use of these methods are more involved in the field, not only with the mechanical design of the field-related knowledge, but also to the systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory, computer hardware and software engineering, network technology areas such as domain knowledge, it is still product design must be working for. Abroad in research in this area has achieved initial success, our scholars have been aware of CAD design technology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and its measures to be taken.Feature-based design methodology of knowledge The main features are: using a computer can identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and inference engine, re-use of stored domain knowledge and the establishment of the inference mechanism to bring computer-aided product design.The mechanical system design is mainly based on the characteristics of a product, and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of body type, the number of synthesis. To achieve this stage of computer-aided design, must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordinati