单片机的发展外文翻译3.doc

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE-CHIPFirst the development trend of single-chip It can be said now is a single-chip opinions of the period, the world's major chip manufacturing companies have introduced their own single-chip, from the 8, 16-32, just to name a few, everything, it is compatible with mainstream C51 series of , there are not compatible, but they own each other into each other, for SCM applications world wide. Throughout the development process of single-chip, you can indicate the development trend of single-chip, generally are: 1. Low-power CMOS technology MCS-51 series of 8031 introduced the power consumption of 630mW, and now widespread in the single-chip 100mW or so, with the growing demand for low-power single-chip, and now all the basic single-chip manufacturers are use of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). As the 80C51 on the use of HMOS (high density metal oxide semiconductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). Although the CMOS low power consumption, but because of its physical characteristics to determine its speed is not high enough, and then CHMOS with high-speed and low power consumption characteristics of these features, it is more suitable in low power consumption, as battery-powered applications . Therefore, the process for some time to come will be the main way to develop single-chip 2. Of micro-chip Now are generally in conventional single-chip will be the central processing unit (CPU), random access data storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, system interruption, timing circuits, integrated circuit clock in a single chip, enhanced single-chip integration, such as A / D converter, PMW (pulse width modulation circuit), WDT (watchdog), and some will be single-chip LCD (LCD) driver integrated circuits are in a single chip, this unit includes single-chip circuits on more and more powerful features. Even single-chip manufacturers can also be tailored in accordance with the requirements of users, to create a single chip with its own chip characteristics. In addition, the product is now the universal demand of small size, light weight, which requires in addition to powerful single-chip and low power consumption, but also its smaller size. Many now have a variety of single-chip package, which SMD (surface mount) is gaining popularity, making the system constituted by the single-chip micro-moving in the direction of development. 3. The mainstream and multi-species coexistence Although a wide variety of single-chip, unique, but still single-chip microcomputer 80C51 prevailing at the core, compatible with its structure and command system of PHILIPS products, ATMEL company's products and China Taiwan's Winbond Series Single machine. Therefore, single-chip microcomputer as the core C8051 occupied the half. Microchip's PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) has a strong development momentum of China Taiwan HOLTEK single-chip companies in recent years, increasing production, with its high quality low-cost advantages, to occupy a certain market share. MOTOROLA addition to the company's products, several large companies in Japan's exclusive single-chip microcomputer. A certain period of time, this situation will continue to be upheld, there will not be a single-chip monopoly domination, taking the complementary interdependence, complementarity and common development. Second the technical development of digital single-chip The number of single-chip technology is reflected in the internal structure, power consumption, as well as the external voltage level on the manufacturing process. In these areas, more typically describes the number of single-chip level. At the moment, users need more and more single-chip, but getting higher and higher requirements. The following four areas on which the technological progress that the situation of single-chip microcomputer. 1, the internal structure of the progress Single-chip integrated in-house has been an increasing number of parts, these parts include commonly used circuits, such as: timers, comparators, A / D converter, D / A converters, serial communication interface, Watchdog circuit , LCD controller. Some single-chip control network in order to constitute or form a local network, the internal local area network control module contains the CAN. For example, Infineon's C 505C, C515C, C167CR, C167CS-32FM, 81C90; Motorola's 68HC08AZ series. Especially in the C167CS-32FM in single-chip, also contains two internal CAN. Therefore, such single-chip networks are very easy to pose. Especially in the control system more complicated, the constitute a very useful control network. In order to facilitate the use of variable frequency control of single-chip, to form the most cost-effective embedded control systems. Some set up a special single-chip internal control for variable frequency pulse width modulation control circuit, the single-chip microcomputer has Fujitsu's MB89850 series of companies, MB89860 series; Motorola's MC68HC08MR16, MR24 and so on. In these single-chip, the pulse width modulation circuit 6-channel output, can produce three-phase PWM AC voltage, and internal control with dead-zone function. Of particular note are: It is now some have adopted the so-called single-chip trinuclear (TrCore) structure. This is a system-level chips built on the (System on a chip) on the structure of the concept. This single-chip consists of three core components: a micro-controller and the DSP core, a data and program memory is nuclear and the last one is the external application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The most important feature of this single-chip is the DSP and microcontroller at the same time do so in a chip. Although the structure definition, DSP is a type of single-chip, but its role is mainly seen in the high-speed computing and special treatment as above, such as fast Fourier transform. It combines traditional single-chip integrated single-chip greatly enhanced functionality. This is the single-chip, one of the greatest progress. This single-chip microcomputer has the most typical Infineon's TC10GP; Hitachi's SH7410, SH7612 and so on. These are high-end single-chip single-chip, MCU is 32 and the DSP 16 or 32-bit structure, the frequency of 60MHz or more generally. 2, power consumption, packaging and power supply voltage of the progress Now the new single-chip power consumption is getting smaller and smaller, especially the many single-chip are a variety of work settings, which include waiting, suspended, sleep, idle, power-saving mode and so on. P87LPC762 single-chip company Philips is a very typical example, in idle, the power consumption is 1.5 mA, while in power-saving mode, the power consumption is only 0.5mA. In the most amazing power is TI's MSP430 family of single chip, it is a series of 16, there are ultra-low power work. Its low-power way LPM1, LPM3, LPM4 three. When the power supply to 3V, if the work in the LMP1, even if the external circuit is active, inactive as a result of CPU, oscillator at 1 4MHz, when power consumption is only 50? A. In LPM3, the oscillator at 32kHz, this power consumption is only 1.3? A. In LPM4 when, CPU, peripherals and not the activities of 32kHz oscillator, the power consumption is only 0.1? A. Now the level of single-chip package has been greatly enhanced, with the emergence of chip technology, a large number of single-chip also used a variety of chip technology in line with the package appears to significantly reduce the volume. In this situation, Microchip has introduced the single-chip 8-pin special attention. This is PIC12CXXX series. It contains 0.5 2K program memory, 25 128 bytes of data memory, 6 I / O port and a timer, and some also with four A / D, fully able to meet a number of low-grade system. To expand the scope of supply voltage and low voltage work is still today one of the objectives of single-chip development. At the moment, it can be single-chip 3.3 5.5V conditions. And some manufacturers, it can produce 2.2 6V to work under the conditions of the single chip. These single-chip companies are Fujitsu's MB89191 89195, MB89121 125A, MB89130 series, it should be said that the company's F2MC-8L MCU meet the vast majority of the 2.2 6V operating voltage conditions. MSP430X11X and TI's family of operating voltage is as low as 2.2V's. 3, the progress of technology Basically, the current single-chip CMOS technology used, but most use 0.6? M above the lithography process, there are individual companies such as Motorola Inc. have been using 0.35? M or even 0.25? M technology. These technological advances greatly improved the internal single-chip density and reliability. Third embedded system as the core of a single-chip SCM is a new name embedded micro-controller, because it can be embedded into any micro-or small-scale equipment or equipment. At present, the single-chip embedded systems and Internet connectivity is a trend. However, Internet has been used as a fat server, thin machine technology users. This technology on the Internet to store and access large amounts of data is appropriate, but for control of embedded devices has become the "sledgehammer cracking a nut," the. Embedded devices to achieve and Int ernet connection, we need the Internet to the traditional theory and practice of embedded devices are reversed. In order to make complex or simple embedded devices, such as single-chip microcomputer-controlled machine tools, single-chip microcomputer-controlled door locks, can be practical and Internet connection, requires specialized equipment for the embedded microcontroller design a web server to embed devices can be connected to Internet, and through a standard Web browser to process control. At present, in order to single-chip microcomputer as the core of embedded systems and Internet connected companies, there are many more studies in this area. More typical in this regard have emWare and TASKING company. Embedded systems companies EmWare network program - EMIT technology. This technology consists of three main parts: the emMicro, emGateway and web browser. Which, emMicro embedded devices is a 1K-byte memory capacity accounted for only a very small web servers; emGateway stronger as a function of the user or server, and it is used to achieve more than the management of embedded devices, as well as standard access the Internet communications, as well as the support of a web browser. Web browsers use to display and embedded emObjicts data transmission between devices. If sufficient resources embedded devices, while at the same time emMicro and emGateway into embedded devices, to achieve direct access to the Inter net. Otherwise, it will require a web browser emGateway and each other. EmWare's EMIT software technology using standard Internet protocol for 8-bit and 16-bit embedded devices to manage, but costs much less traditional. At present, single-chip applications, a new problem: This is how to make the 8-bit, 16-bit single-chip microcomputer to control the product, or embedded products or equipment to achieve the interconnection and the Internet? TASKING is now to solve this problem means. The company has emWare of EMIT software packages and related supporting integration, the formation of an integrated development environment, to provide users with convenient development. Embedded Internet Union ETI (embed the Internet Consortium) is to work closely with the development of embedded Internet solutions. Results in the near future there will be published. Fourth technology development of the reliability of single-chip application In single-chip applications, reliability is the primary factor in the application of SCM in order to expand the scope and areas to improve the reliability of its single-chip is an effective method. In recent years, manufacturers of single-chip single-chip design in the use of a variety of new technologies to improve reliability, the performance of these new technologies in the following points: 1, EFT (Ellectrical Fast Transient) technology 2, EFT is an anti-jamming technology, which is defined as the sinusoidal signal oscillation circuit outside interference, the waveform will be a variety of Deburring signal superposition, if you use their plastic Schmidt circuit, it will become a burr trigger signals interfere with the normal clock, in the alternate use of Schmitt circuit and RC filter circuit, it can be eliminated or their role in these gross failure to ensure that the clock signal systems work properly. In this way, a single chip to enhance the reliability of the work. Motorola's MC68HC08 family of single chip on the use of this technology. Low-noise cabling technology and drive technology In a traditional single-chip, the power and ground wire in the integrated circuit pin symmetric shell, the general is in the upper left, lower right or upper right, lower left of the two pairs of symmetric points. In this way, so that power supply noise on the chip through the block of single-chip interference caused by the internal circuit. Now, put a lot of single-chip power pin arrangement and the two adjacent pins. In this way, not only reduces the current through the entire chip, while still easy to layout printed circuit board decoupling capacitor, thus reducing system noise. Now in order to meet the needs of a wide range of applications, many single-chip output capacity has been greatly improved, Motorola's single-chip I / O port of the irrigation of up to 8mA current pull over, and Microchip's single-chip can be up to 25mA. Other companies: AMD, Fujitsu, NEC, Infineon, Hitachi, Ateml, Tosbiba basically been able to achieve, such as the level of 8 20mA. These large current drive circuit chip integrated into the work of bringing in all kinds of noise, in order to reduce this impact, and now the use of a number of small single-chip parallel tube equivalent ways of a large pipe, and in each small Guanzi different output equivalent series resistance of the resistor in order to reduce the di / dt, which is the so-called "hopping along the softening technology", in order to eliminate transient current noise. 3, the use of low-frequency clock High-frequency noise sources outside the clock is one, not only can interfere with single-chip applications, but also interfere with the outside circuit, so that can not meet the requirements of electromagnetic compatibility. Requirements for high reliability systems, low-frequency external clock to reduce system noise. Single-chip used in a number of internal phase lock loop technology, in the external clock is low, it can produce a higher speed internal bus, thus ensuring the speed and reduce noise. Motorola's MC68HC08 family of 1 6 / 32-bit single-chip has been adopted to improve the reliability of this technology.单片机的发展一 单片机的发展趋势现在可以说单片机是百