新GRE Argument模板 总结.doc

开头实验结论In this argument, the arguer concludes that doingwill lead to To support the conclusion, the arguer points out thatIn addition, the arguer reasons thatThe argument suffers from several critical fallacies.Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that_. To substantiate (support) the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that_. In addition, he indicates that_. Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. At first glance, the authors argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.首段开头句型 : In this editorial/argument, the author argues that _.The author also claim that _.To support these claims the author points out that _. The author also points out that _.This editorial recommends that _.To support this recommendation, the author points out that _.the author also points out that _ ,and that _.Finally, the manager cites that _.$ C; X& L- e, q3 u& B$ N' J- H/ L"  首段结尾句型 : I find the editorial/argument logically unconvincing in several respects. /I find this argument specious on several grounds.( p" ?- L5 J, n3 a However, the argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands. /However, the argument/editorial relies on a number of doubtful assumptions and is therefore unconvincing. As discussed below, the argument suffers from several critical flaws  This argument depends on several unsubstantiated assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.! 3 E2 G- u" l  This argument is problematic /flawed in several critical respects. 9 R% z0 A9 A3 g A careful analysis of the study reveals several problems with the editorials argument. 1 / x- R# W0 n The study suffers from certain statistical and other problems, which render the conclusion based upon it unpersuasive. As discussed below, the argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.However, careful scrutiny of the evidence reveals that it accomplishes little toward supporting the directors claim, as discussed below. W$ M6 O, _* z2 t4 A9  However, close scrutiny of the managers argument reveals several unproven assumptions, which render it unconvincing.& n8 k# Q, ' n. |- . The argument suffers from several logical flaws and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.自己应该干吗 根据观察和现象自己改正 根据因果In this argument, the arguer recommends that should advise to To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that Thus should follow the studys recommendation and in order to 自己尝试新方法 根据预测 和 假想The conclusion in this argument is that can expect to by doing In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions.换一个供应商In this argument, the arguer advocates that should This recommendation is based on the observation that Meanwhile, the arguer assumes to be a better choice because This argument is problematic for reasons.自己应该干吗 根据其他州的情况In this analysis, the arguer claims that should To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of where In addition, the arguer assumes that This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.正文：The major problem with this argument is that Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument. the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence For instance since whats more etc.样本的问题：When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization调查survey 的问题：The sample of the survey conducted by the is vague.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions.（民意测验）How many people participated?The sample of the survey is not representative.数据的问题：（平均值）The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between（实验的数据不可靠） the data of the research is unconvincing （样本太小）the sample is too small to. （光数字没比例）the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?Insufficient SampleIf the respondents only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole group, we should not be so sure about the conclusion that the whole groupThe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the companys markets while doesnt show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征副作用 有的病人会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.错误的比较：The comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding respectively 别的因素：Furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that may Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.It is very likely that and hence varies significantly.没有因果：Confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样Finally, the arguer hints that but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because or because ?-其他：The fact that does not necessarily imply that First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited studies which is understandable.It is very likely that and hence varies significantly.分析常用：the actual amount of time for doing respectively The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.How large was the sampleHow many people participated?What extent do this participators improve their speed?The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABC's performance.循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that -1调查类错误Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of _and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge_ generally. The number of respondents/samples in itself does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only_, then the results would no doubt suggest _. Or if _, (1200) would account for only a little percentage, which would render the result of the survey meaningless.2. 充分必要条件(1) Sufficient Evidencea. The argument assumes too hastily that _will necessarily result in the behavior that the argument predicts. Perhaps,_. Moreover,_.b. The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B .(2) Necessary ConditionThe editors recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B . However, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors, including _or _, might just as likely be the cause of B . To be specific,_. Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by _ can_.3. 因果关系（1）The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that _and the claim that_. This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, _results from_.（2）The argument observes a correlation between A and B , then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the argument fails to rule out other possible explanations for B . For example, _. Any of these factors might lead to B . Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B.4. 范围变化错误(1) 个体-整体The argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例 typify nationwide 整体情况. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况 Thus, lacking more marketing information about _ nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memos recommendation.(2)整体-个体One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide (characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about _ applies equally to 个体成员， Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps _; or perhaps _ . Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that _.5. 外推类错误The author claims that _, because _ . The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different time. The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B . For example, A_; however, B_. Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that _.6FA错误The arguers recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B. The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that _ in both A and B are similar. However, it is entirely possible that A与B存在很大的不同. In short, without accounting for important possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will help A_ .7. 非此即彼 either orEven assuming A is not the reason for the B , the author falsely assumes that the B must be attributable to C. This “either-or ” argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of the B . For example, perhaps 其他可能原因, or perhaps 其他可能原因结尾：To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that is the only condition that Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate its claim that_, because the evidences cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to_. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that_. Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.其他论述段结尾句 :In short, without ruling out other possible explanations for the difference between _/(scenarios), the author cannot safely/reasonably conclude that/(reasonably rely on these statistics to support the claim that) _% w" d( B, U& q0 Y, n In short, without evidence that all other conditions that might affect _, the authors claim that _ is dubious at best.总结 ,结论用语 : In the absence of/Lacking data concerning that total amount of _, the credibility of the result of the survey is skeptical /unfounded/groundless/open to doubt.Unless the arguer can provide substantial/valid/solid/concrete evidence concerning _, the conclusion can not be properly/safely drawn,In sum, the authors evidence accomplishes little toward supporting the authors argument for _To evaluate the conclusion more efficiently/to make the conclusion more convincing/to justify this claim, the author must provide supporting evidence.$ In short, without evidence that all other conditions that might affect _, the authors claim that _ is dubious at best.In sum, the editorial relies on a series of dubious assumptions, which render it wholly unpersuasive.To strengthen it(the argument) the author must show that _, and that _To (further) bolster the editorials claims the author must provide clear evidence that reason A , and not some other phenomenon, was in fact responsible for (a increase/decline in _)  因为用别人的句子其实是  每个人都按自己的理性的行为结果是集体的非理性呵呵 容易出现拼写错误的词 :Assumption, available, guarantee, account, possibility, moreover, 承接 Therefore/thus/hence/so/consequently/clearly/moreover/besides " R9 D$ c6 X! _. u7  引导结论 conclude/claim/assert/propose $ l) M: A8 g0 s3 z 显示 ,表明 show/imply/prove/indicate/illustrate/demonstrate 建议 recommend/suggest/advise 倡议   advocate预言 ,预计 predict/project/forecast/expect调查 ,统计的准确性 : Many _ were actually excluded from the survey.The result of the survey lacks validity/credibility/reliability and therefore could not lend strong support to the arguers claim/propose.1 V' # _% b* 5 k& d The result of the survey lacks validity/credibility because/as the sample is too limited.The survey does not provide complete information concerning the effect _The number reported _ does not necessarily reflect the number actually _ & % H) V5 a  % |4 w The statistics comparing _ might be distorted in one or more respects ! K8 u6     y6 % ( These statistics were based only on data from _. 1 K% p7 y# f- i& Q6 m) ?- W The cited statistics about _ might be unreliable in other respects as well. It is unfair to conclude from one survey suggesting that _ 0 j6 Q/ C9 i2 Z Moreover, a single survey taken just prior to _ is sustainable.Although the number of _ is relatively high, the per _(capita) number might be relatively low.A与 B 之间的关系 (主要是因果关系 ):A bears some relation to B./(Establish) a casual relationship between A and B 6 ?! G( E% w/ B  v9 d+ L! 4 H No evidence was given to substantiate the claim that A cont