Summary of The Atrial Fibrillation Study Progress医学专业英语论文.doc

Summary of The Atrial Fibrillation Study ProgressAbstract:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commoncardiac arrhythmia,andarrhythmiafield ofthe most difficultto overcomeoneoftheheart disease. Chinaisthelargest country intheworldonpatients with atrial fibrillation, withtheimprovementofpeople's living standardand population aging, the incidence rateshowed an increasingtrendandbecomethe 21st centuryChina's emergingmainstreamof cardiovascular disease. Althoughatrial fibrillationis notlikeVFwill have a directcauseof death in patients, but therapidventricular rateinatrial fibrillationcan causehemodynamic deterioration, resulting in cardiacdysfunctionandmalignant ventricular arrhythmias, especially combinedthrombosiswill begreatly increasedin patients withtherisk of stroke. Effectivetestmethodcannotfindthetrackstate changesofatrial fibrillationandtreatmentof atrial fibrillationtreatmentare basicallybasedontheclinicaltrial and error, leading to thedeclineintreatmentefficiency.In this paper, througha synthesis ofmodern researchonatrial fibrillation (AF), provideamore scientificbasistounderstandthe hazardsofatrial fibrillationandatrial fibrillationdiagnosis and treatment.Key words: atrial fibrillationmechanism ESC OSASNew understanding of atrial fibrillation mechanismsBased on extensive research in recent years, clinical and basic, the ESC released a new atrial fibrillation treatment guidelines detailed mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: atrial factor (atrial pathophysiology, such as atrial enlargement or fibrosis), electrophysiological mechanism (focal excited or reentrant, multiple micro-reentry, etc.), genetic factors (such as the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A adjustment function missing, etc.), clinically relevant factors (eg, hemodynamic changes) 1.New risk factors: obesity and OSASObese patients with atrial fibrillation, the average body mass index (BMI) was 27.5 kg/m2, equivalent to when the moderately obese 3. Overweight and obesity can affect the atrial and ventricular structure and diastolic function, autonomic nerve function, suggesting a clear link between obesity and atrial fibrillation. The data show that obese people with atrial fibrillation relative risk is 1.5 times the normal individuals, and each increase in BMI to 1 kg/m2, the relative risk of atrial fibrillation increased by 4% 4.Sleep-disordered breathing sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) increase atrial pressure or excessive changes of autonomic tone can trigger atrial fibrillation. Repeated hemodynamic and hypoxic fluctuations can also activate the stretch sensitivity of ion channels and (or) catecholaminergic channel, resulting in a more active focal excited. OSAS associated with vagal reflex as a symbol (bradycardia) can lead to pulmonary vein antrum should not shorten the trigger focal excited. OSAS and elevated C-reactive protein is independently associated with cause of atrial fibrillation relative risk increase. Studies have shown that the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients with OSAS was significantly higher than non-AF group (49% vs 32%, P <0.001) 5.Atrial fibrillation sub-typeESC released new guidelines for treatment of atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation is divided into five categories: the first diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, persistent atrial fibrillation, long-range persistence (long-standing persistent) atrial fibrillation, permanent atrial fibrillation . The concept of long-range persistent atrial fibrillation, defined for the duration of AF more than one year, and intend to use the rhythm control strategy, which includes catheter ablation 1. The concept is adapted to the special term of the current catheter ablation of a new era, no doubt, catheter ablation of the atrial fibrillation cure possible, the reconstruction process can curb the reversal of atrial fibrillation caused by atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation is no longer a permanent .Treatment goalsESC released a new treatment of atrial fibrillation guide new guide for the first time with the "hospital" and "death stroke" included in the top three goal of the treatment of atrial fibrillation 1. Improve the position of the atrial fibrillation treatment of the end of the event, emphasizing the safety of antiarrhythmic drug therapy to strengthen the patients were followed up, emphasis on the patient's readmission rates and to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events. Atrial fibrillation treatment aims to relieve symptoms, reduce hospitalization, reduce cardiovascular events and improve survival.AnticoagulantThe past year, several large-scale clinical trials have brought new evidence of atrial fibrillation anticoagulation. 2010 ESC annual meeting of the new guidelines emphasize that anticoagulant therapy is the best means of prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with stroke. According to the European atrial fibrillation investigation 6, to increase and adjust the stroke and thromboembolic risk factors, the establishment of a new thrombosis risk assessment system: CHA2DS2 the-VASc score to determine anticoagulation strategies based CHA2DS2-VASc rating system will be dangerous The factors are divided into the major risk factors (including previous stroke, transient ischemic attack or systemic embolism) and clinically relevant non-major risk factors including heart failure, severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (such as in LVEF 40%), hypertension, diabetes, women, and vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, increase by 1 point in the the CHADS2 points on the basis of age> 75 years old 2, new blood vessel disease, age 65 to 74 years of age, gender (female ) three risk factors. The recommendations of the new guidelines on the selection of oral anticoagulation: the choice of antithrombotic therapy should be based on the absolute risk of stroke, thromboembolism and bleeding and risk benefit ratio (I A). In addition to the low-risk patients (lone atrial fibrillation, age <65 years) or existence of contraindications, all patients with atrial fibrillation should undergo antithrombotic therapy to prevent thromboembolic complications (I, A). Score 2 oral anticoagulant drugs (I, A); score 1 point, the oral anticoagulant drugs (I, A) or aspirin 75 to 325 mg of (I B), the first priority of oral anticoagulant ( a, B); score of 0, oral administration of aspirin with or without application of any antithrombotic drugs, priority would be to not apply any antithrombotic drugs. The new guidelines are still recommended to control the INR 2 3.The ESC released new guidelines for treatment of atrial fibrillation atrial fibrillation to prevent thromboembolism strategy characterized by:A breakdown of CHADS2 grading 0 1 crowd anticoagulation strategy;Greatly increase the "high risk" and "score" populations, such as 1 female> 65 years of age, hypertension = 2 points over the age of 65 women the hypertension CHA2DS2-VASc, score 3 points;Aspirin status decline, and further enhance the status of oral anticoagulant drugs;Anticoagulant expressed as "all or none", that the application or application of oral anticoagulation.European Heart Survey of HAS-BLED score high blood pressure, liver / renal dysfunction, stroke, history of bleeding or bleeding tendency, the INR instability, elderly (age> 65 years), drug / alcohol addiction, 1 minute assessment patients with atrial fibrillation anticoagulation risk of bleeding 7. Combined with the 2010 release of acute coronary syndrome or coronary intervention in patients with atrial fibrillation and antithrombotic therapy consensus 8, the new guidelines emphasize the application of antithrombotic drugs (aspirin or clopidogrel) in patients with AF should be alert to bleeding, coronary stent implantation, specifically in the following table.Atrial fibrillation thromboembolism in high-risk (oral anticoagulation) in patients with coronary stent implantation anticoagulation strategyINR: International normalized ratioNecessary should be treated with proton pump inhibitors protect the gastric mucosaa: sirolimus, everolimus, tacrolimusb: joint use of vitamin K inhibitors (INR 2.0 to 2.5) + clopidogrel 75mg / day oral (or aspirin 100mg / day) oral administration of 12c: drug-eluting stents should be avoided, but if the implantation of drug-eluting stents, as necessary, to consider extending the triple the Anticoagulant time (3 to 6 months).ROCKET-AF study 10 is an atrial fibrillation anticoagulation, randomized double-blind controlled study, selected for the 1100 centers in 45 countries a total of 14 000 patients with atrial fibrillation were randomly assigned to coagulation factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban (oral 20mg / day, if moderate renal insufficiency compared to 15mg) or warfarin (oral warfarin dose adjustment set INR of 2.5). More profit cutting classes and warfarin non-valvular atrial fibrillation stroke prevention. The study will be a higher risk of trial patients, 55% had a history of stroke, 90 percent have high blood pressure. In addition, 90% of patients CHADS2 score 3 points or more. The results displayed in a variety of causes of stroke and non-central nervous system (CNS) embolism aspects, the oral facilitate cutting Shaaban is not inferior to warfarin. Bleeding, the application of the new anticoagulant therapy in patients with fatal bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage are relatively small. It is worth noting that the study enrolled patients mean age 73 years, higher stroke risk, 55% had a history of stroke, 90 percent have high blood pressure. In addition, 90% of patients CHADS2 score 3 points or more. Therefore, the study as a non-inferiority study, results showed that rivaroxaban can be effective, safe alternative to warfarin anticoagulation. Provide more choices for the future of atrial fibrillation anticoagulation and broad prospects.The U.S. FDA has not approved Watchman equipment blocking the left atrial appendage to prevent thromboembolic Therefore, this method is not recommended in the guide updated to use 2.Drug control law and control rateCommonly used anti-arrhythmic drug (AAD) including amiodarone, dronedarone, flecainide, propafenone, and sotalol (both , A). To date, amiodarone is still all AAD best to maintain sinus rhythm efficacy of drugs (I, A). DIONYSOS study 11 Although the decision Nida Long cardioversion efficacy inferior to amiodarone, but the side effects was significantly less than amiodarone, and verify their safety. ESC announced new guidelines emphasize the decision Nida Long medication status, can be effectively used in coronary heart disease, hypertensive heart disease or stable heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation (heart functional class I or II), especially For patients with stable heart failure, must Nida Long can significantly reduce the rate of hospitalization. ATHENA study 12 shows the decision Nida Long (400mg, 2 times / day) can effectively reduce the combined end point of mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization in the United States ACCF / AHA / the HRS in the atrial fibrillation guideline update must Nida Long position further upgrade, it is recommended the application must Nida Long for atrial fibrillation cardioversion, and reduce cardiovascular hospitalization rate in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and persistent atrial fibrillation after cardioversion can be used as outpatient atrial fibrillation in patients with primary treatment (II a, B); decision Nida Long banned combined IV class heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation, or nearly four weeks decompensated heart failure, left ventricular function was significantly reduced in patients with atrial fibrillation (III B). Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients, the combined organic change or coronary heart disease outpatient recommended sinus rhythm preferred propafenone or flecainide (II a, B).ESC's new anti-atrial fibrillation drugs Wiener Karan (Vernakalant) for clinical, intravenous 90min atrial fibrillation cardioversion was significantly higher than amiodarone (51.7% vs. 5.7%) shows good prospects 13.RACE, recently published in The New England Journal of Medicine II study 14 show that patients with permanent AF loose control of heart rate and heart rate control in terms of clinical symptoms or side effects, the two are similar. Therefore, the new ESC guidelines recommend a lenient rate control strategy, the drug of choice, including -blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, and to digoxin etc. U.S. ACCF / AHA / the HRS updated atrial fibrillation treatment guidelines also recommend that: Although the long-term tachycardia can lead to irreversible heart dysfunction, but the cardiac function (LVEF> 0.4) and no arrhythmia-related symptoms in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation strict control of heart rate (resting heart rate <80 beats / min or 6 minute walk test heart rate <110 beats / min) was not superior to the lenient rate control (resting heart rate <110 beats / min) (III).In addition, a newly published clinical studies and meta-analysis showed that ACE inhibitors, ARB, aldosterone antagonists, statins, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as atrial fibrillation in primary and secondary prevention 15-17, specifically the "upstream treatment "the role and status in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.References1 Tsang TSM, Gersh BJ.Atrial fibrillation: an old disease, a new epidemic J. 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