新编商务英语精读第4册unit9.ppt

Unit-1,Teaching Aim,Reading I,Reading II,Extended Activities,Automobiles,Teaching Aim,Teaching Aim,Unit 9 Automobiles,1.Cognitive Information（认知信息）：Automobiles in the FutureComponents of an Automobile2 Language Focus（内容重点）,Key Words：.cease,prediction,institute,brake,accelerator,lateral,steer,lane,sensor,radar,tow,motorway,attachment,swing,fume,fraction,combustion,battery;.merge,craftsmanship,legendary,luxurious,limousine,stall,falter,workforce,voluntary,retirement,buyouts,hand-crafted,craft,grill,ornament Phrases：.fit with,in convoy,go off,on ones own,lie idle,get round,charge up;.be renowned for,come up with,be composed of Word Study：operate,view,diminish,balance,charge,Teaching Aim,Teaching Aim,Unit 9 Automobiles,Useful Structures：as.,so too.at its peak,.at sb.s request Grammar：Direct and Indirect speech（3）Questions3 Communicative Skills（交际技能）Expressions：Travel by Car Reading：Car Ads Basic Writing：E-mails,Background Information,Reading I,Reading I,Unit 9 Automobiles,Pre-reading,Text,New Words and Expressions,Exercises,Post-reading,Pre-reading,Pre-reading,Unit 9 Automobiles,Pre-reading I,Pre-reading II,.Brainstorming:Work with your partner and write out words or expressions about automobiles.,Pre-reading-I,Pre-reading I,Unit 9 Automobiles,Vehicles of Various Makes:van,jeep,Repair&Maintenance oiling,breakdown,Driving:to brake,to change gear,Pre-reading-II,Pre-reading II,Unit 9 Automobiles,.Pair-work:Discuss the following questions with your partner.,1.Do you know any world-famous brands of motor cars?What are they?2.How has our life changed since the invention of motor cars?3.Are you enthusiastic about cars?What do you think cars have brought us?Or what do you think owning a car will change our life?4.Do you think you will buy a car if you can afford it?Why or why not?5.Do you think Chinese households should be encouraged to own private cars?,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Cars:On a Road to Nowhere,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Text-1,Text,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,1.Overview of automobile industryAutomobile industry became the worlds largest form of manufacturing by the middle of the twentieth century,making more money and employing more people than any other industry.In the United States,the automobile industry changed how business was conducted and how Americans lived;automobiles were more popular in America than anywhere else in the world.The automobile industry is dominated by relatively few large corporations,each of which typically contains many brand names and marques.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,The biggest of these by annual production are General Motors,Toyota and Ford Motor Company.In 2005,67 million automobiles（cars and light trucks）were produced worldwide.Although the locations of the headquarters of the major volume producers of automobiles are confined to a relatively small number of countries,their manufacturing facilities are distributed in many other countries around the world.Reasons for the selection of manufacturing locations may include labor costs,political quotas for local content in certain markets and import tariffs.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,2.Benefits and costs of automobile ownershipThe existence of the automobile allows a mechanical support for freedom of choice by allowing transportation at the sole discretion of the occupants.Too,an automobile can provide the transportation need of several persons in relative comfort in many types of weather.Compared to other popular modes of passenger transportation,especially buses,the automobile has a relatively high cost per-person kilometer traveled.Nevertheless the demand for automobiles remains high,suggesting that its advantages,such as on-demand and door-to-door travel,are highly prized,despite recent increases in fuel costs,and not easily substituted by cheaper alternative modes of transport.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,There are many benefits to owning an automobile;however these will differ,by many factors,in regard to location and culture.One general benefit is availability of use which,when coupled with public support via infrastructure,can allow almost unlimited movement and transportation.There are a number of reasons for the high cost of car transport：The typical private car spends most of its lifetime idle and for some vehicles,depreciation is a significant proportion of the total cost.Compared to bulk-carrying vehicles such as airplanes,buses and trains,individual vehicles have worse economies of scale.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,Capacity utilization is low.The average occupancy of automobiles is below 1.5 passengers in most parts of the world.The costs of running a car can be broken down as follows：Depreciation Fuel（including fuel tax）Repairs Maintenance,regular Maintenance,for car longevity Financing Insurance Parking Vehicle tax Roadworthiness Tests Registration Tire replacement Accessories Opportunity cost.Despite rising oil prices,the real cost of car travel has dropped steadily over the past five decades,in part due to better manufacturing technologies,and in part due to engines becoming more fuel-efficient.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,Some of the annual running costs of an automobile,which are important in the economics of ownership,concern the service life.Much effort has gone into identifying and reducing costs related to the automobile.For instance,providing carpooling lanes to cars with multiple passengers has received attention as it helps reduce traffic.Sharing one or more cars between many people reduces the fixed costs per person and limits extraneous vehicles.Since automobiles demand a high land use,they become increasingly uneconomic with higher population densities.Public transport,by comparison,becomes increasingly uneconomic with lower population densities.Hence cars tend to dominate in rural and suburban environments,while only fulfilling a secondary role in city center transport.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,3.Impacts of the automobile on societiesOver the course of the 20th century,the automobile rapidly developed from an expensive toy for the rich into the standard for passenger transport.The wide-reaching effects of automobiles on everyday life have been a subject of much controversy.Proponents claim the car is a marvel of technology that has brought about unprecedented prosperity,while opponents on the other end claim it lead to a mode of urban and suburban planning that discourages walking and human interaction,uses large amounts of polluting fuel,and drains urban centers of their populations leading to wide-spread urban decay and the neglect of once proud and efficient cities.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,Economic changesHuge industries devoted only to the automobile were created.Others were expanded from once trivial insignificance to eminent importance.Before the internal-combustion engine was developed,gasoline was a waste product,often discarded.Once the automobile became commonplace,the production of gasoline blossomed into a matter of such importance that national governments took action to secure the steady flow of oil.The steel industry was already established,but the coming of the automobile created huge amounts of business for it.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,The chemical,rubber,and petroleum industries were remade to suit the needs of the automobile and industries sprang up,such as service stations,motels,and automobile insurance,which were completely reliant upon the automobile for their livelihood.Aside from industries,one of the most visible effects the automobile has had on the world is the huge increase in the amount of surfaced roads.With increased road-building came loss of habitat for wildlife.Loss of rural areas and agricultural land to pavement has also been extensive.The quality of roads was also improved.Roads were paved with asphalt,and roads with more than one lane on each side became commonplace.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,Technological changesThe assembly line and other methods of mass production were developed when American businessmen began seeking ways to build more automobiles at a lower price.The idea of using many small identical parts that could be exchanged for each other was brought into existence.Because of this,replacement parts could easily be sent to car owners.This greatly prolonged the life of the automobile,making it even more attractive to consumers.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,Cultural changesBeginning in the 1940s,most urban environments in United States lost their streetcars,cable cars,and other forms of light rail,to be replaced by diesel-burning motor coaches or buses.Many of these have never returned,though some urban communities eventually installed subways.Another change brought about by the automobile is that modern urban pedestrians must be more alert than their ancestors.With the proliferation of the automobile,a pedestrian has to worry about being hit by automobiles at high speeds,and breathing noxious exhaust fumes.The loss of pedestrian-scale villages has also disconnected communities.People have less contact with their neighbors and rarely walk unless they place a high value on exercise.Also,drivers lose time stuck in traffic jams,and,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,today people rarely get the recommended amount of exercise to stay healthy.In fact,since the 1980s,obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States.Because of the automobile,the outward growth of cities accelerated,and the development of suburbs in automobile intensive cultures was intensified.The automobile allowed people to live in low density communities far from the city center and integrated city neighborhoods.Shopping centers were built in or near suburbs to save residents trips to the city.The shopping centers provided goods and services further reducing the need for suburban residents to visit the city.Finally,as the service economy gained importance,business parks appeared,allowing suburb dwellers to work in the suburbs.The automobile caused the decentralization of cities,segregating land use and ethnicities,while increasing,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,the ecological footprint of their residents.Changes to individual lifestyle in AmericaThe car had a significant effect on the life of the middle class.Car ownership came to be associated with independence,freedom,and increased status.At the end of the 19th century,Americans put a great deal of emphasis on personal freedom and individual mobility.The automobile encompassed both of these ideals.Individuality was increased for the automobile owner.Conservative critics felt that the automobile decreased church attendance,increased sexual activity,and weakened family unity.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,The automobile signifies much more than simply a mode of transportation.The automobile,more than almost any other possession,allows people to flaunt wealth.Not only was the ownership of an automobile demonstrative of a certain level of income and prestige,it is also highly visible.The automobile has become a symbol of social status,and in some cases,a fashion item.The creation of good roads and dependable automobiles changed recreation and vacations too.Before the automobile,resorts were predominantly found near the coast or a railroad.Once the automobile became abundant,resorts sprang up that were off the beaten path.Resorts appeared in scenic places,far away from the hectic life of the cities.,Unit 9 Automobiles,Background Information,Background Information,Environmental changesAutomobiles are a major source of noise pollution and the carbon dioxide that is widely believed to be causing global climate change.For much of the early history of the car,no consideration was given to concerns such as air pollution,accidents,destruction caused by road-building,and the increased consumption of limited natural resources,most notably petroleum and land.,Unit 9 Automobiles,New Words and Expressions,New Words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,New Words and Expressions,Notes,New words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,1.cease v.to come or bring（sth.）to an end 停止2.prediction n.saying in advance that（sth.）will happen 预言3.institute n.an educational institution,especially one for the instruction of technical subjects 学院；技术学院4.intelligent a.wise,clever 聪明的；有头脑的5.gridlock v.to hold up traffic 交通堵塞6.brake n.device for reducing the speed of or stopping a car,etc.刹车；闸7.accelerator n.device for increasing speed 加速器,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,8.lateral a.of,at,from or towards the side（s）侧面的；从侧面的；向侧面的9.steer v.to direct or control the course of（a car）操纵；驾驶10.lane n.part of a main road marked out for a single line of traffic（有标志的）单行道11.sensor n.device that detects light,heat,etc.探测光、热等的装置12.radar n.system for detecting the position or movement of objects by sending out short radio waves雷达13.motorist n.person who drives a car 开汽车的人14.windscreen n.glass window in the front of a motor vehicle（机动车前面的）挡风玻璃,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,15.convoy n.group of vehicles or ships traveling together 车队；船队16.tow n.an act of pulling a vehicle behind another vehicle,using a rope or chain 拖；牵引17.motorway n.expressway 高速公路18.diminish v.to become smaller or less；decrease 变小；降低19.attachment n.affection；devotion 依恋；眷恋20.chassis n.frame on which the body,engine,wheels,etc.of a car are built（汽车等的）底盘21.suspension n.equipment fixed to a cars wheels to reduce the effects of travelling on rough roads（汽车轮胎上的）悬置机构,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,22.bonnet n.metal cover over the engine of a car 发动机阀帽23.swing v.to move from one place to the other 摆动；摇晃24.exhaust n.waste gas expelled from an engine,especially of a car,truck,or motorcycle or a machine（汽车等排出的）废气25.fume n.gas,or smoke,especially if irritating,harmful,or strong 烟气26.fraction n.small part,bit or amount（of sth.）（某物的）小部分；少许bustion n.process of burning 燃烧28.battery n.portable device that produces electricity to provide power for sth.电池,New Words and Expressions,New words and Expressions,Unit 9 Automobiles,1.fit withto supply with the necessary equipment；equip供给设备；配备2.in convoy（of traveling vehicles）as a group；together（指行进中的交通工具）结队3.go off