新视野大学英语读写教程（第二版）第三册Unit 8 Section ALegal and Moral Implications of Cloning1.ppt

Contents,Lead-in,Pre-reading,Text Study,Summary,Writing,Lead-in,Our topic today is“Cloning”.Cloning,as its name implies,is the genetic term for producing an exact copy of an animal or plant by developing artificially a cell from it.But the birth of Dolly,a mammal clone,is like setting the cat among the pigeons.,Lead-in,Mode I,Mode II,Mode III,Mode IV,随 笔,Tips,Interactive Mode I,Q.1 Why did the birth of Dolly become the focus of world opinion?,Because it stood for a big breakthrough in the genetic engineering;Because it became possible to clone human beings;Because it was a deformed product of science;,Tips,Mode I,Mode II,Mode III,Mode IV,随 笔,Tips,Q.2 What could cloning really do for us?,Tips,Interactive Mode II,Mode I,Mode II,Mode III,Mode IV,随 笔,Although the birth of Dolly caused quite a stir in the world,the scientists worldwide never stopped their efforts to clone more different mammals,such as pigs,cows,goats,dogs,etc.Now my next question is:,For medical purposes,such as cloning animal models of disease,2)For the purpose of reviving endangered or extinct species,so as to 3)For the purpose of reproducing a deceased pet.For example,4)For the purpose of cloning humans,but 5),Interactive Mode III,Now lets listen to a passage and then go on with our lead-in.,Key Words:had a clone free time/wash clothescook dinner take care of./go to the office for me do everything I dislike/.relax travel./wait love the clone more than me/one theyd go to with their problems/give them advice and love/.miss this/changed my mind/terrible,Tips,Tips,Mode I,Mode II,Mode III,Mode IV,随 笔,Tips,Q.3 What are the arguments for human cloning?,Tips,Interactive Mode III,Mode I,Mode II,Mode III,Mode IV,随 笔,From the passage we have just heard,we can tell that the person concerned is still unsure about whether she should have a clone or not.If she had a clone,on the one hand,she would enjoy more freedom;but on the other,she would miss something exclusive to her.My next question is:,More possibility of creating a human repair kit;2)More chances of raising an identical child after an unfortunate death;3)More hope of meeting the desire of infertile couples for children;4),Tips,Q.4 What are the arguments against cloning?,Violation of nature by destroying the normal reproductive process;2)Potential threat to the diversity of human societies;3)Possibility of creating extremists as new challenges to the world peace;4),Tips,Interactive Mode IV,Mode I,Mode II,Mode III,Mode IV,随 笔,For conclusion,Topic-centered Lead-in,Factor III,Author,Factor II,Factor I,随 笔,Factors for the birth of the text,Pre-reading,Watch and Discuss,New Words,Background Information,生词学习,随 笔,Background Information,视频讨论,Dolly:,Dolly(July 5,1996 February 14,2003),a ewe,was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell.,She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in the United Kingdom and lived there until her death when she was 6.On 2003-04-09 her stuffed remains were placed at Edinburghs Royal Museum,part of the National Museums of Scotland.,Watch&Discuss,Directions:Watch the video and then discuss the topics as follows:,Video watching,2.How should we exploit the cloning method to the best of human advantages?,1.Would you like to be cloned once human cloning becomes a reality?Why or why not?,Key,Key,背景知识,生词学习,随 笔,视频文件放在这个白色的框内，不要超出去。也不要遮挡框的白边。,Cloning,背景知识,生词学习,随 笔,New Words,背景知识,视频讨论,随 笔,New Words,背景知识,视频讨论,随 笔,New Words,背景知识,视频讨论,随 笔,New Words,背景知识,视频讨论,随 笔,New Words,背景知识,视频讨论,随 笔,New Words,背景知识,视频讨论,随 笔,Text Study,Topic-centered Analysis of Text,The text develops according to the pattern of“backgroundresponsepuzzlereiteration”.It begins with the background to possibility of human cloning,to which the world responded with quick and preventive actions.Then,it lists as many as 6 puzzles or questions on the issue of human cloning.The last part serves to reaffirm the authors worry about the matter.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,How would you develop the topic as a writer?,Topic-centered Analysis of Text,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,Puzzles,Responses,Main Idea?,Devices for developing it(Devices)?,Conclusion,结构分析,Para.1 At first it was just plain surprising.Word that scientists succeeded in cloning an adult mammalan achievement long thought impossiblecaught the imagination of everyone.The laboratory process that produced Dolly,an unremarkable-looking sheep,theoretically would work for humans as well.A world with human clones was suddenly within reach.It was science fiction coming to life.,Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Para.2 In the wake of this announcement,governments hurried to draft guidelines for the unknown,a future filled with incredible possibilities.President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the legal and moral implications of cloning.Leaders in Europe,where most nations already prohibit human cloning,began examining the moral implications of cloning other species.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,句型,Para.3 Like the Theory of Relativity,the splitting of the atom,and the first space flight,Dollys appearance has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists,politicians,and philosophers.And wild questions on the topic of cloning continue to mount.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Structural Analysis?,句型,Para.4 Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place?Para.5 The human cloning situations that experts consider most frequently fall into two broad categories:1)parents who want to clone a child,either to provide transplants for a dying child or to replace that child,and 2)adults who for a variety of reasons might want to clone themselves.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Para.6 Will it be possible to clone the dead?Para.7 Perhaps,if the body is fresh,says one expert.The cloning method used requires combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell containing the DNA of the person to be cloned.(DNA is a very long,ribbon-like molecule that contains our genetic information.)And that means that the nucleus must be intact.Cells die and the cell nucleus begins to break apart after death.But,yes,in theory at least it might be possible.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Para.8 Would a cloned human be identical to the original?Para.9a Identical genes dont produce identical people,as anyone who knows a set of identical twins can tell you.In fact,twins are more alike than clones would be,since they have at least shared the same environment within the mother,are usually raised in the same family,and so forth.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Para.9b Parents could clone a second child who resembled their first in appearance,but all the evidence suggests the two would have very different personalities.Twins separated at birth do sometimes share personality characteristics,but such characteristics in a cloned son or daughter would only be reminders of the child who was lost.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Para.10a Even in terms of biology,a clone would not be identical to the“master copy”.The clones cells,for example,would have energy-processing machinery that came from the egg,not from the person who was cloned.But most of the physical differences between originals and copies are so minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory.The one possible exception is bearing children.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Para.10b The scientists responsible for the successful cloning are not sure that Dolly will be able to have lambs.They will try to find out once shes old enough to breed.Para 11 What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs?,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Para.12 Most experts agree that it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor.But some parents already produce second children with nonfatal transplants in mind,and many experts do not oppose this.Cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Para.13 If cloned animals could be used as organ donors,we wouldnt have to worry about cloning twins for transplants.Pigs,for example,have organs similar in size to humans.But the human body attacks and destroys tissue from other species.To get around that,one company is trying to alter the pigs genetic code to prevent pig organs from being attacked.If the companys technicians succeed,it may be more efficient to produce such pigs by cloning than by current methods.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,句型,Para.14 How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA?Para.15a“Mom”is not right,because the woman who supplied the egg and gave birth to the infant would more appropriately be called Mother.“Dad”isnt right,either.A traditional father supplies only half the DNA in a child.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Para.15b Judith Martin,in her writings under the name of“Miss Manners”,suggests the phrase,“Most honored sir or madam”.Why?“One should always respect ones ancestors,”she says,“regardless of what they did to bring one into the world.”,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,句型,Para.16 That still leaves some confusion over vocabulary.The editorial director of one dictionary says that the noun“clonee”may sound like a good term,but its not clear enough.Instead,he prefers“original”and“copy”.Para.17 What are the other implications of cloning for society?,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,Para.18a The gravest concern isnt really cloning itself,but genetic engineering the deliberate altering of genes to create human beings according to certain requirements.Specifically,some experts are concerned about the creation of a new(and disrespected)social class:“the clones”.One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,句型,Para.18b when Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas,and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans.Para.19 The list of questions could go on;people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning.,Structural Analysis?,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Text Analyzing and Reading,句型,Abridgement of Text,Now that we become more at home with the organization of the text,as shown in the tree structure above,what can we derive from the text in order to abridge it into an three-paragraph essay.Lets see what can be derived from the text for our purpose first:,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Abridgement of Text,Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning,Para.1 Word that scientists succeeded in cloning an adult mammalan achievement long thought impossiblecaught the imagination of everyone.With Dolly brought into the world,a world with human clones was suddenly within reach.In the wake of that news,therefore,governments hurried to draft guidelines for the unknown,a future filled with incredible possibilities.In effect,the birth of Dolly,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Abridgement of Text,like the Theory of Relativity and the first space flight,has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists,politicians,and philosophers.Para.2 Thus,among the puzzles or questions that mount on the legal and moral implications of cloning,six major ones are herein provided with complete or partial answers from the up-to-date knowledge.1)Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place?,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Abridgement of Text,According to experts,the human cloning situations fall into two categories:One is to clone a child for providing transplants or replacing a dying child;and the other is to clone an adult for a variety of reasons.2)Will it be possible to clone the dead?It is possible in theory,as one expert says,if the body is fresh.3)Would a cloned human be identical to the original?As is known to all,identical genes dont produce identical people.4)What if parents decided to clone a,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Abridgement of Text,child in order to harvest organs?It would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor.5)How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA?There has not been an ideal solution yet to the puzzle.6)What are the other implications of cloning for society?The gravest concern isnt really cloning itself,but genetic engineeringthe deliberate creation of human beings by altering genes according to certain requirements.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Abridgement of Text,Para.3 The list of questions could go on;people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning.,课文阅读,随 笔,课文缩写,结构分析,Summary,English Equivalents of Chinese,Creative Application of Typical Expressions,Further Application of Typical Patterns,Summary,句型应用,短语活用,随 笔,Summary,to succeed in doing sth.,to be within reach,in the wake of,to draft guidelines for,in theory,to be identical to/with,What if?,to be concerned about/over,to puzzle over,to wonder about,Summary,to work for,to come to life,to break apart,in terms of,to bring sth./sb.into the world,句型应用,短语互译,随 笔,take a stroll/the fat around ones waist,She worked off the fat around her waist by taking a stroll every day.,消除;排除;消解:从事于;致力于;影响:计算;产生好结果:,to work offto work onto work out,通过天天散步，她腰部的脂肪逐渐减少。,知识链接,活 学 活 用,意 群 提 示,Back,Summary,句型应用,短语互译,随 笔,ones heroic undertaking/our national spirit,Their heroic undertaking has infused a new life into our national spirit.,赋予生机;给予活力:死里逃生;仅以身免:生活得以安顿;成家:,to infuse a new life intoto escape with bare lifeto settle in life,他们的壮举赋予我们的民族魂以新活力。,知识链接,活 学 活 用,意 群 提 示,Summary,句型应用,短语互译,随 笔,Back,the team competition/draw to an end/ever-louder cheers,With the team competition drawing to an end,ever-louder cheers broke forth from the audience.,迸发:脱离:断交:,to break forth fromto break free fromto break up with,随着团体赛的即将结束,观众中迸发出越来越大的欢呼声。,知识链接,活 学 活 用,意 群 提 示,Summary,句型应用,短语互译,随 笔,Back,be ready to do sth./lose money on sth./make fat profits,In the short terms we are ready to lose money on the project;but in the long terms we expect to make fat profits.,同某人关系好：从长远;眼前看：打算做某事:,to be on good terms with sb.in the long/short termsto think in terms of doing sth.,就眼前看，我们准备在此项目上赔钱，但从长远看，我们可望赚大钱。,知识链接,活 学 活 用,意 群 提 示,Summary,句型应用,短语互译,随 笔,Back,ones hobby of reading/a lot of things ever unknown to one,My hobby of reading has brought me into contact with a lot of things ever unknown to me.,使某人与接触:使某事结束:使某人参与讨论某事:,bring sb.into contact with bring sth.into a conclusionbring sb.into the debate on sth.,我读书的嗜好，使我接触了许多我不曾知晓的东西。,知识链接,活 学 活 用,意 群 提 示,Summary,句型应用,短语互译,随 笔,Back,Summary,In the wake of sth.,sb.hurry/begin to,If sb./sth.could be/do sth.,sb.wouldnt have to do sth.else.,Sb.should always do sth.regardless of what/how sb./sb.else does,短语活用,短语互译,随 笔,the opening ceremony of 29th Olympic Games/take much interest in sth.,新视野 产生式提炼与应用,典 型 例 句,意 群