跨文化交际实用教程胡超编著unit2&3dailyverbalcommunication.ppt

Daily Verbal Communication,Company Logo,An idiom,The sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language,and no single language is capable of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension.Ezra Pound,Company Logo,Teaching Objectives,1.To understand how language and culture are closely linked 2.To understand pragmatics in intercultural Communication3.Identify the cultural differences in addressing,greeting,conversational topics,visiting,parting,compliment and response,gratitude and apology.,Company Logo,What is verbal communication,Verbal:connected with words and their useVerbal communication:communication done both orally and in written languageEasier to use words to represent ones experiences within the same culture because people share many similar experiences.More troublesome in verbal communication across cultures because peoples experiences,beliefs,values,customs,traditions and the like are different.,Company Logo,Language and culture,Mastering all those rules of language，such as phonology,morphology,syntax and semantics,is still not enough for effective communication,for language and culture cannot be separated.They are intertwined,shaping each other,as in the chicken and egg dilemma-which came first,the language or the culture?When selecting words,forming sentences,and sending a message,either oral or written,one also makes cultural choices.,Company Logo,Pragmatics in intercultural Communication,Language can be used to perform many tasks:to address people,to compliment people,to make a request,to extend an invitation,to declare a man and a woman husband and wife,and even to sentence a criminal to death.Pragmatics is the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.By learning pragmatics,we can understand how to communicate properly.Our everyday communication is filled with such pragmatic use of language,but the realization of speech act is different from culture to culture.,Company Logo,Verbal Communication,Form of addressGreetingInitiating conversation and conversation topicVisitingPartingCompliments and compliment responsesGratitude and apology,Company Logo,Addressing by names,Name orderSurname+given name/He XianguGiven name+surname(AE)/Linda Smith*Smith;*Miss LindaNowadays,more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name,even when people meet for the first time.(intimacy and equality)(pg.23)A child may even do so to his/her parents or grandparents.Many college students call their professors by their first names.(postgraduate)In China seniority is paid respect to.Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way.The use of given names is limited to husband and wife,very close friends,juniors by elders or superiors.(Hierarchy),Company Logo,Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage.These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect.(pg.23)More examples are jingcha shushu(警察叔叔),hushi aji(护士阿姨),etc.The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used.Even with relatives,Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Some exceptionsparentsUncle Sam,Aunt MaryBrother Joseph or Sister Mary(religious society),Addressing by relationship,Company Logo,Only a few occupations or titles could be used.(pg.24)*Principal Morris;*Manager Jackson;*Bureau Director Wang Doctor Brown;Mayor White;Prof.Lessing;Nurse Liu;Captain Fan;Colonel YuAmericans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.Senior engineer/vice president for marketingThe use of respectful titles to indicate peoples influential status,Addressing by title,office,profession,Company Logo,Special Greeting,literarily Where are you going?or What are you going to do?or Have you eaten?“(pg.25)InvitationIntrusion into ones privacySimply to say his/her name,perhaps adding a term of respect:Li Xiaosheng,Mr.Li,Teacher Li,etc.the Chinese person is preparing to ask a question or make a comment.the Americans response is likely to be Yes?,Company Logo,Special Greeting,To make casual comments about whatever another person is doing to show acknowledgment.Oh,youre working at the computer”to a person who is actually doing so.Wait for further inquiry.Another Chinese term xinku la(辛苦啦)is a good warm expression showing concern with many functions.greeting to a person who has just completed a long trip,and as a greeting complement to a person who has just done something.Did you have a good trip?/Did you enjoy your trip?/How was the trip?etc.Well done,That was/You ve got a hard job.”,Company Logo,Initiating conversations,Culture influences the style of communication at great level.When we are in an unfamiliar country,it is wise to watch and learn the way native people communicate first.1.When to talkBritish people usually dont talk to strangers.(pushy and untrustworthy)People have natural conversation with strangers.(proud,uncooperative and stupid)2.What to say(pg.26)Ask questions about family background,education,occupationStories and anecdotes3.Turn-taking conventionsTable tennis match(AE)Pause and silence for no interruption and reflection(JC),Company Logo,Appropriate and Inappropriate topics(pg.27),Company Logo,Invitation,Now study the following statements and think how you would respond to each category of them.Discuss in small groups.,Company Logo,Notify in advance,In America any visit,whether it is to see a doctor,a professor,a friend and even a relative,is usually arranged by appointment.This is the courtesy to be observed.When an American is making an appointment,he/she tries to be polite,and leaves room for the other party to refuse if not convenient.I haven t seen you for a long time.I was wondering whether I could come round to visit you sometime.Id like to come and see you sometime.Would you be free one afternoon next week?,Company Logo,Hospitality(pg.30),Another difference exists in the way of behaving as a guest and as a host.In China,a guest usually observes the principle of avoiding bringing trouble(extra work or money spending)to the host.Accordingly,he/she doesnt ask for anything.And when asked what to drink or eat,his/her usual response is Anything is OK.The Chinese host usually goes to trouble to make sure there is something left after the meal.In America,in contrast,it is the host who tries to avoid interfering in guests freedom of action by leaving room for the guests to make choices.The wastefulness of this practice has been criticized in China recently,and some advocate ordering more sensible quantities if at a restaurant,or at least taking the leftovers home in a lunch box.If you accept a drink,you should drink it otherwise may offend the Westerner.,Company Logo,Parting,Ordinary,daily farewells among both Chinese and Americans occur in two phases.In the first phase,the idea is explicitly introduced that one or more of the parties should depart.In the second phase,one or more of the parties actually does depart from the home,office,or other location.,Company Logo,Among the Americans,Phase one:One of the individuals initiates this phase by noting that he/she should depart soon,but no immediate move to depart is actually made.Both continue their conversation or other shared activity for a while longer;this delay may last from a few minutes to as much as an hour.An American who intends to depart usually explains that a factor in his/her own personal situation compels the departure.Phase two:An American visitor goes to the door,his/her exit from the scene occurs quite efficiently.The host accompanies the leaver to the door and may briefly exit a short distance beyond it,offering a farewell wave as the leaver disappears.The English expressions when parting are See you,So long,Good-bye,Have a nice day.Take care.etc.with also a smile and a gesture of farewell.,Company Logo,Among the Chinese,Phase one:A Chinese also offers a reason for leaving,but it is unlikely to be related to the leavers own personal situation.The explanation is more often related to the other person s presumed needs.Phase two:The two people exit from the door together and continue walking some distance while continuing to converse.The distance that the host accompanies a guest is an indication of the esteem in which he/she is held.The final words of the hosts are usually manzou(慢走),zouhao(走好),man dian er qi(慢点儿骑),bu yuansong le(不远送了),youkong zailai(有空再来),etc.often accompanied with a smile and a gesture of farewell.,Company Logo,Compliments and response,Compliments and praises are of great social functions.Concerning compliments and compliment responses,the pragmatic rules are various in different cultures.In American culture,the topic of compliments can be varied.Their response to compliments is positive.Chinese people are shy to compliment others and also modesty to accept compliments.,Company Logo,Chinese modesty,What is the American interpretation of the following responses?(pg.48-49)Oh,its an ordinary dress I bought in China.The taste in clothing is questionable.Should I blush,or should I tell him you dont really mean it?The hostess was not sincere,just to be polite.Growing flowers is my hobby,but Im not much good at it.I really know so little about the subject.Fishing for compliments,Company Logo,Social functions(pg.50-51),Reinforcing solidarity Greeting peopleExpressing thanksGetting over embarrassment CongratulationEncouraging peopleSoftening criticismStarting a conversation,Company Logo,For what purpose,Between a professor and a postgraduateYou handled that lesson superbly.encouragementThis is good.I like the way you are handling this.You might put more on the students though,and let them carry on the conversation.bufferThat was outstanding.The theory was well presented and the examples were marvelous.CongratulationsI really appreciate your presentation.What did you say about the trend of overpopulation?starter,Company Logo,Difference in compliment,Paying complimentsThe Semantic formulaThe Syntactic FormulaCommon responses formulaCultural assumption,Company Logo,Giving Compliments(pg.52),Its common for Americans to compliment each other.Complements are seen largely as constructive and positive.For the Chinese,they compliment each other much less than the Americans.(Why)Draw a line between compliment and flirtation;flattery;a requestTo be very cautious to pay a compliment.,Company Logo,The Semantic Formula(pg.53),English:This was a great meal.Bill,you look so nice today.I love your dresses.,Chinese:你的房间不错。你待人真好。你该受表扬。,About 80%adj.and 16%verbs(E)while mainly adj.adv.and verbs(C)Beginning with“you”or“your”(C)while“I”(E).,Company Logo,The Syntactic formula(pg.54),English:NP is/looks adj.53%e.g.You are so efficient.I like/love NP.16.2%e.g.I really like your hardwood floors.PRO is(really)(a)ADJ NP(14.9%)e.g.Thats really a beautiful car.,Chinese:You V ADV.41%e.g.你干得不错！(You)NP is ADV Adj 35%e.g.你的这件外套真漂亮。PRO is ADJ NP(9%)e.g.那是一幅不错的画。PRO(you)V NP Y 5%e.g.你该受表彰。PRO(I)V(like)NP 4%.e.g.我喜欢你的房子。,Company Logo,Common Responses Formula(pg.55),English:A:This is really a nice sweater.B:Im glad you like it.A:You did a good job.B:Thank you/Thanks.,Chinese:A:你的毛衣不错。B:才花了我十元钱。A:你干得不错。B:大家努力的结果。,1.The Americans are willing to accept the complements positively.(not always)2.The Chinese try to efface themselves in the response to the compliments either by denial or derogation or even assigning to the others.,Company Logo,Cultural Assumption(pg.56),A cultural assumption is when we assume that a person has particular values and attitudes based on their cultural backgrounds.Typically it is assumed in Australia,and many Western countries around the world,that the following colors signify the following things:Red:anger,passion,danger,stop White:peace,purity,cleanliness,life Black:death,sickness,evil Green:go,nature,happiness Blue:peace,serenity,boys Pink:love,girlsStereotype:A conventional,formulaic,and oversimplified conception,opinion,or image:“Regional stereotypes have been part of America since its founding.Westerners are trendy,Midwesterners are dull,Northeasterners are brainy,and Southerners are lazy”What is worthy of compliment?Put on weight,Company Logo,Gratitude,A.If a teacher answered a question you asked,would you say Thank you to him/her?If your mother bought you a book that you needed,would you say Thank you to her?Explain why you would do so or not.B.Some American tourists said Thank you to the interpreter who accompanied them during the tour.The interpreter replied,It s my duty to do so.This is appropriate in the Chinese context.But is it appropriate in the English context?,Company Logo,To show gratitude(pg.57),Chinese people dont usually say Thank you”to those who are very close.one traditional Chinese concept holds that it is the duty of the young and the junior to do something for the elderly and the senior,and so the latter dont have to say thanks.Saying Thank you is very common in America,even between parents and children,husband and wife and for very small and most ordinary things.So they thank people all day long.In contrast,traditional Chinese customs don t require people to express thanks for the small favors that others have done them.On the other hand,however,native Chinese speakers tend to repeat the thanks to those whom they are not familiar with and for what they think are important favors.But this practice which is not done in the west may give Westerners the sense of empty thanks and insincerity,and make them uncomfortable.,Company Logo,To respond to the thanks(pg.58),*It doesnt matter.*Never mind.*This is what I should do or It s my duty to do so“You dont have to thank me.I had no choice but to do it,because it is my duty otherwise I would not have done so.,Company Logo,Apology and response,Steps:Express your apologyLocate an excuseState the remedyResponse:Never mind.I dont like it anyway.,Thank You!,