定语从句讲解及练习图文.ppt

定语从句,The Attributive Clause,课前练习,1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A.Which B.where C.what D.in which 2.This is the hotel _last month.A.which they stayed B.at that they stayed C.where they stayed at D.where they stayed3.On May 12th,many parts of Sichuan were struck by an earthquake,from_ effects the people are still suffering.A.that B.whose C.those D.what4.The Science Museum,_ we visited during a recent trip to Britain,is one of Londons tourist attractions.A.which B.what C.that D.where5.The town _ we visited last month is the one _ the famous painter was born.Awhere;which Bwhich;where Cwhich;that Dwhere;where,A,D,B,A,B,1.This is the comrade _ will go to the south with us tomorrow.2.Whos the student _ the teacher is talking with?3.I like the present _ youve sent to me.4.The nurse _ we talked about can speak English well.5.This is the most difficult job _ weve ever done.6.This is the cleverest man _ Ive ever known.7.I bought all _ was necessary.,who/that,that,that/which,that/whom/who,that,that,that,一、定义及相关术语,定语1.汉语中的“定语”带有“的”字，作用是修饰中心名词的形容词或动词+名词的结构，无论定语有多长，都在中心名词前前置定语(pre-modifier)e.g.美丽的 来自美国的,一、定义及相关术语,2.英语中的“定语”1）如果是形容词，基本上都是前置定语，修饰后面所跟的中心名词；但如果遇到不定代词（something，anything，nothing等），则定语后置。2）如果汉语中的定语包含动词，就可以用相应的英语定语从句来翻译处理。定语从句的结构特点：中心名词/先行词+引导词/关系词+从句,一、定义及相关术语,3定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。4先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。5关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。,关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.该句中，whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句，修饰先行词theman，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词theman，在定语从句中作主语。,二、关系代词引导的定语从句,1who指人，在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7 tomorrowmorning.想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.那就是教我们物理的老师。,2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.李明正是我想要见的男孩。Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.你正在等的教授已经来了。Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。,3Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.他喜欢外国作家写的书。Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。,4That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是夏季。YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。,5Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。,练习,用关系代词填空.(答案可能不唯一)（that,which,who,whom,whose）1.This is the man _ wants to see you.2.The student _ answered the question is Zhang Hua.3.The man _ you went to see has come.4.Isthereanyone_familyisinBeijing?5.This is the shirt _I bought yesterday.6.The man _was passing by saw what happened.7.Here is the pen _ you lost the day before yesterday.8.These books _ you lent me were very useful.,that/who,that/who,that/who,whose,that/which,that/who,that/which,that/which,练习,用关系代词填空.(答案可能不唯一)（that,which,who,whom,whose）9.The storybook _ I have just read cannot be easily forgotten.10.A clock is a machine _ tells people the time.11.The person _ you should write to is Mr.Ball.12.A dictionary is a book _ gives the meaning to the word.13.The book _ is on the table is mine.14.Pleasepassmethebook_coverisblack.15.I will never forget the people and the places _ I have ever visited.,that/which,that/which,that/who,that/which,that/which,whose,that,三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school(which/that)he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine(which/that)you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。This is the boy(whom/who/that)I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。,Well go to hear the famous singer(whom/who/that)we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。,注意,含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for,look after,take care of 等。This is the watch(which/that)I am looking for.(正)这是我正在找的手表。This is the watch for which I am looking.(误)The babies(whom/who/that)the nurse is looking after are very healthy.(正)那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.（误）,若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.(正)你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbour.(误)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.(正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.(误),“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：He loves his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples,some of which have gone bad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。There are forty students in our class in all,most of whom are from big cities.我们班总共有个学生，大多数来自大城市。Up to now,he has written ten stories,three of which are about country life.迄今为止，他写了部小说，其中部是关于农村生活的。,练习,1.ThestoriesaboutLongMarch,_whichthisisoneexample,arewellwritten.2.Thespeed_whichyoudriveyourcarmustnttoohigh.3.Intheparktherearemanyflowers,thecolour_whichisbrightandnice.4.Thelittlegirlisreadingabook,_whichtherearemany pictures.5.Whatwerethethings_whichhewasnottoosure?6.Theyheldameeting,_whichthehospitaldirectormadea speech.7.Thebook,_whichhepaid6yuan,isworthreading.8.Isthistheman_whosehousethepolicefoundthelost colouredTV?,of,at,of,in,of,in,for,in,练习,9.Thevillagersdugalongtunnel_whichtheycouldgo tothefieldswithoutbeingfoundbytheJapanesesoldiers.10.WuDong,_whomIwenttotheconcert,enjoyedit verymuch.11.TheSecondWorldWar_millionsofpeoplewerekilledin1945.A.duringwhichB.inthatC.whereD.onwhich12.Chinahasmanyrivers,_theChangjiangRiveristhe longest.A.whichB.inwhichC.amongwhichD.oneofwhich13.Thisistheveryknife_Iusedtocutapplesyesterday.A.thatB.bywhichC.whichD.withwhich,through,with,A,D,D,四、关系副词引导的定语从句,1when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfounded.1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？这里when都可以用“介词+which”来替换。即“in which”,2where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？这里where都可以用“介词+which”来替换。即“in which”,3why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。这里why都可以用“介词+which”来替换。即“for which”,练习,1.Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently.A.that B.when C.which D.where 2.Life is like a long race _we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.A.why B.what C.that D.where,D,D,3.I have reached a point in my life I am supposed to make decisions of my own.A.which B.where C.how D.why 4.They will fly to Washington,_ they plan to stay for two or three days.A.where B.there C.which D.when,B,A,1.Because of the financial crisis,days are gone _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.A.ifB.when C.which D.since2.We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.A.which B.whose C.in which D.with which 1)The reason _he didnt come was that he was ill.2)The reason he explained is not true.,B,C,why,that/which,五、定语从句分类,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制定语从句。具体区别如下：1、在句中作用不同2、外在表现形式不同3、先行词内容有所不同4、关系词的使用情况有所不同,1、在句中作用不同,限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。,2、外在表现形式不同,限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。,例 1.Do you remember the girl who taught us English？你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？例 2.Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。例 3.This is the place where he used to live.这就是他过去居住的地方。例 4.Mr.Zhang，who came to see me yesterday，is an old friend of mine.张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友。例 5.We walked down the village street，where they were having market day.我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。析：在前三个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系密切，为限制性定语从句，不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系不密切，为非限制性定语从句，可用逗号将其与主句隔开。,3、先行词内容有所不同,大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。,例 1.A middle-aged woman killed her husband，which frightened me very much.一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。析：由语境可知，令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导定语从句。例 2.A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages，which surprises all the people present.一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。析：由语境可知，令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。,4、关系词的使用情况有所不同,1）that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句，大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句，但 that 不可。例 1.他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物，这使她非常高兴。误：He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday，that pleased her a lot.正：He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday，which pleased her a lot.例 2.他没通过这次考试，令我很失望。误：He didnt pass the exam，that disappointed me.正：He didnt pass the exam，which disappointed me.,值得注意的是，不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句，这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时，如果先行词指人，则用 who，which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when，where 引导非限制性定语从句。例 1.Well graduate in July，when we will be free.我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。例 2.Last Sunday they reached Nanjing，where a conference was to be held.他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。,2）关系代词替代情况不同关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom，但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。例 1.This is the girl whom I met in the street.这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。析：先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用 who 代替 whom.例 2.A young man had a new girl friend，whom he wanted to impress.一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。析：先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用 who 代替 whom.在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/whom，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用 that 代替 who/whom.例：她有一个姐姐，她是教师。误：She has a sister，that is a teacher.正：She has a sister，who is teacher.,3）关系代词省略情况不同关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。例 1.This is the book（which/that）he lost yesterday.这就是他昨天丢的那本书。析：先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。例 2.The book，which he lost yesterday，has been found.他昨天丢了这本书，但现在已找到了。析：先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 不可省。,小结,限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who代替whom,限制性定语从句举例,The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。,非限制性定语从句举例,His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China,which was founded in 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.中国是1949年成立的，现在正变得越来越强大。Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall,in which many important meetings are held every year.去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。,练习,单项选择。1.They have again invited me to visit their country,_ is very kind of them.A.that B.which C.when D.where2._ is known to all，water is an important kind of natural resource.A.As B.Which C.Who D.When3.The leader of the team is a 44-year-old Frenchman,_ wife is also a team member.A.who B.whom C.which D.whose4.Im to fly to Kunming,_ it is warm in this season.A.which B.as C.where D.when5.He said he would come to my house to see me tomorrow afternoon,_ I will have some other friends to play together.A.when B.where C.which D.whom,B,A,D,C,A,根据汉语，完成英语句子。1.屋子里都是孩子，其中十个是那个老人自己的孙子。The house was full of children,_.2.我们学校有许多实验室，其中最大的是去年建造的。Our school has many laboratories,_.3.我去年买的那幢房子带着一个漂亮的花园。My house,_,has got a lovely garden.4.我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。We walked down the village street,_.5.一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。A middle-aged woman killed her husband,_.,ten of whom were that old mans own grandsons,the largest of which was built last year,which I bought last year,where the villagers were having market day,which frightened me very much,六、限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况,1当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something 除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li said?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做好了。There is little that I can do for you.我不能为你干什么。He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。All the guests that/who were invited to her wedding were important people.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。,2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。4当先行词被the very,the only修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我要买的词典。After the fire in his house,the old car is the only thing that he owns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。,5当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。,用适当的关系代词填空,1.Whosthecomrade_youjustshookhandswith?2.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools_he hadvisited.3.Heistheonlyman_Icanfindforthework.4.Youmustwatchcarefullyeverything_the teacherdoesinclass.5.Thisisoneofthemostexcitingfootballgames_Ihaveeverseen.6.Thelastplace_wevisitedinthecountryside wasafarm.,that,that,that,that,that,that,七、关系代词as和which引导的定语从句,as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的