语用学Two Schools of Pragmatics.ppt

1,Two Schools of Pragmatics,British and American:,European:,Micropragmatics,Macropragmatics,2,Micropragmatics,Deixis（指示语）Presuppostion（前提）Conversational implicature（会话含意）Speech act（语言行为）Conversational structure（会话结构）,Dynamic study,3,Macropragmatics,Variability（变异性）Negotiability（商讨性）Adaptability（顺应性）,Languages,4,Macropragmatics,Pragmatic analysis,Contextual correlates of adaptability（语境相关因素）Structural objects of adaptability（顺应的结构客体）Dynamics of adaptability（顺应机制）Salience of the adaptation process(顺应过程的显突程度),5,Contextual features(语境特征)Hymes,6,Addressor:speaker or writerAddressee:hearer or readerTopicSetting:time,place;spatial relationship between communicators posture,gesture and expressionChannel:conversation,written Code:languages,dialects or type of writingMessage form:chatting,debate,fairy tales or sonnetsEvent:character,7,Added ones,Audience:旁观者Key:涉及对特定言语事件的评价Purpose:交际者意欲交际事件所产生的结果,8,Other voices,Lewis:the aforementioned（上文提及）Halliday:co-text（上下文）verbal context（语言语境）Physical context Social context（物质语境）（社交语境）Verschueren:ingredients of context contextual correlates,9,Lyons 在讨论话语的合适性时归纳了构成语境的六个方面的知识：每个参与者必须做到：知道自己在这个语言活动中所起的作用和所处的地位；知道语言活动发生的时间和空间；能分辨语言活动情景的正式程度；Cont.,10,知道对于这一交际的情景来说，什么是合适的交际媒介；知道如何使自己的话语适合语言活动的话题，以及话题对选定方言（在多语社团中）选定语言的重要性；知道如何使自己的话语适合情景所属的语域。,11,Context is dynamic,“Register”:a speech variety used by a particular group of people,usually sharing the same occupation or the same interests.Register formal(vous,您)informal(tu,你),12,Context and convention,A contradiction:convention vs.natural expression linguistic meaning intention Only the pragmatics of the situation(context)can give meaning to ones words.,13,Context and convention,Contexts importance in understanding utterances:the same utterance convention and context different meanings,14,Context is about understanding what things are for;it is also what gives our utterances their true pragmatic meaning and allows them to be counted as true pragmatic acts.,15,Implicature,Conventional implicature,Conversational implicature,Generalizedimplicature,Particularizedimplicature,16,Implicature,Implications ImplicaturesConversational implicature Conventional implicature,17,Implicature,18,Features of Conversational Implicature,Cancellability（可取消性）Non-detachability（不可分离性）Calculability（可推导性）Non-conventionality（非规约性）Indeterminacy（不确定性）,19,On referring,Referring:using language to refer to persons and things directly John indirectly Its me.,20,Indexicals and deictics,Indexical expression:a particular kind of referential expression which includes a reference to the particular context.(pronouns,local and temporal adverbs,verb tenses)Deictic elements:the chief linguistic means of expressing an indexical relationship.(pointers)a“here-now-I”system:who,where,when“Point of view”(To your left.)add further deictic coordinates,21,From deixis to anaphora,Deixis:this,that I need a box this big.Anaphora:function of referring to earlier mentions of the noun that the definite article in question identifies:The man was walking softly;he carried a big stick.Mary works hard and so does Doris.,