2903101720英国文学简史Part II The English Renaissance2.ppt

Renaissance:Flowering,1.Poetry Sir Philip Sidney,Edmund Spenser,John Lyly&Sonnet from Shakespeare2.ProseFrancis Bacon3.Drama Christopher Marlowe&William Shakespeare,Ben Johnson,Early Plays in Middle Ages,1.The Mystery/Miracle Plays 神秘剧/圣迹剧 2.The Morality Plays道德剧3.The Classical Plays古典剧,Question:What are the significances of 3 kinds of plays?,I.The Miracle Plays 圣迹剧,1.Choose the right answer.The Miracle plays were at first performed in the _.A.churches B.market place C.wagon D.theatreA2.True or False The Miracle plays were not forbidden to perform in churches after the actors introduced secular and even comical elements into the performance.T,在1599年歌剧诞生之前，戏剧就已经存在了，中世纪的神秘剧（mystery play）就是其中最主要的形式之一，其内容主要取材自圣经中的故事，包含独唱、重唱、合唱等表达方式，例如著名的但以理神秘剧。在同时代，还有一种以圣徒 殉道为题材的圣迹剧（miracle play），但流传不如神秘剧广泛。,II.The Morality Play 道德剧,1.Morality plays appeared after_.A.miracle plays B.mystery plays C.interlude D.Classical playsA2.A morality play presented the _ of good and _ with _personages.,conflict,evil,allegorical,道 德剧（moral play）的题材不像前两者那样取自宗教，而是比较世俗化，介于宗教剧与世俗剧之间。这类剧的主人公往往是抽象化的角色，诸如“善”、“恶”、“美德”、“慈悲”、“真理”、“死亡”等等，采用拟人的方式来加以表现，主要功用是教化民众，教人抛弃欲望，一心向善。到 十六世纪，道德剧越来越世俗化，最终发展成世俗剧，形式也更加多样化，包括世俗插剧（secular interlude）、闹剧（farce）、民俗剧（folk play）和寓言剧（allegorical drama）。其中闹剧是完全世俗 化的戏剧，没有任何宗教成分，民俗剧主要以罗宾汉等家喻户晓的人物为主角，世俗插剧用于节庆演出，寓言剧主要流行于荷兰、比利时等国家。,II.The Morality Play 道德剧,3._ is used to say and do good things.A.Mercy B.Folly C.Vice D.PeaceA4.One of the popular morality plays was _.A.The Shepherds B.Everyman C.The Play of the Weather D.Gammer Gurtons NeedleB,III.The Classical Drama,1.Through the revival of classical literature,English playwrights came into contact with _ and _drama.2.From the contact with Greek and Latin drama,English playwrights learned all the important rules in _ and _,the more exact conception of _ and _.,Greek,Latin,structure,style,comedy,tragedy,III.The Classical Drama,4.The first English comedy is and the first English tragedy is_.Miracle plays,morality plays,interludes and classical plays paved the way for the flourishing of drama.Besides,advanced London Theatre system and increasing numbers of audience serve for the development of drama.,Other changes in drama,1.The Interlude插曲,幕间插入的表演What is the purpose of“Interlude”?To enliven(cheer up)the audience after a solemn(serious)scene.The interesting interlude is_.2.London theatrePlays produced for the general publicRooflessopen airNo artificial lightingCourtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleries3.The audience,The Play of the Weather,Chritopher Marlowe,University Wits 大学才子派 It was a group of Elizabethan playwrights and pamphleteers who once studied at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge.Later they set up as professional writers,selling their learning and their wits to the London public of playgoers and to the public as well.The most important figures include Robert Greene,Thomas Kyd,John Lyly,Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Lodge.And the most gifted is Marlowe(15641593),the greatest of the pioneers of English Drama,who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama.大学才子派,即：莎士比亚之前英国人文主义戏剧家的总称。马洛（15641593）是“大学才子”中最有才华、成就最大的一个，在文学史上享有“诗剧的晨星”、“英国悲剧之父”的美誉。他是莎士比亚以前英国戏 剧界最重要的人物，也是英国文艺复兴戏剧的真正创始人，首先将无韵诗节运用于戏剧创作中,blank verse(无韵诗，素体诗),Refer to p.55 Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.不押韵的五音步诗行 the principal instrument of English drama,a living thing,vigorous,fluid and precise,Works,Tamburlaine(1587),帖木儿大帝The Jew of Malta(1592)马耳他的犹太人The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus(1588)浮士德博士的悲剧（P52-53）,“The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”(after-class reading),Marlowes Learning and Works,learned and knowledgeable,astronomy,geography,medical science,history,Greek epics and Latin,and especial interest in drama,3 best plays:Tamburlaine 铁木儿,in 1587,The Jew of Malta,马耳他岛的犹太人 in 1592,Dr.Faustus,浮士德博士的悲剧 in 1588,“The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”(after-class reading),Marlowes Works:Tamburlaine 铁木儿,the subject-matter,The career of Tamburlaine the Mongol conqueror,a shepherd;a Khan finally,Fortunes lord,Refer to the excerpts on p.51,cruel,inhuman,cold-blooded,heartless,By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another,Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.,Marlowes Works:The Jew of Malta(马耳他的犹太人）,The hero of The Jew of Malta is Barabas,a rich merchant and a Tamburlaine in the narrower sphere of finance.,Multiple choices,_ is Marlowes masterpiece.A.TamburlaineB.The Jew of MaltaC.The Tragical History of Doctor FaustusD.The Passionate Shepherd to His LoveC,Marlowes Doctor Faustus(p.52-53),German legend,with more striking humanist color,1.Hero:Doctor Faustus,chief feature:an insatiable thirst for knowledge(不能满足的)(渴望),Doctor Faustus sold his soul to the Devil so as to gain magical powers.,Story:,Faustus is a scholar at Wittenberg University.He orders his servant Wagner to get two practitioners of black magic.Faustus wants to be his own god.When Wagner is away,the Good Angel and Evil Angel appear and try to win Faustus for their cause.Faustus is taught the basics of black magic,and conjures up(用魔法召唤)the devils messenger,Mephistophilis.Mephistophilis wants to claim Faustus soul.Faustus and Mephistophilis make a deal:24 years of service from M.,in exchange for Faustus oulMephistophilis has to let Faustus in on dark mysteries of life.Lucifer,prince of the devils,tells Mephistophilis that Faustus must sign a contract in blood.Faustus doesnt believe in hell,even though Mephistophilis tells him what its like.In the 25 years to come,Faustus sometimes wishes to repent（后悔）,but it talked out of it by Mephistophilis.Faustus becomes famous for his powers.On the night when the deal ends,Faustus confesses his pact to some scholar friends,who urge him to repent before God.But he cant.At midnight,devils come to take him away.Faustus goes to hell,because he desired more than what God permits for a man.,How is Dr.Faustus representative of the spirit of the Renaissance?,ThemeIt celebrates the human passion for knowledge,power and happiness;it also reveals mans frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order.And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of mans condition.The plays dominant moral is human rather than religious.剧本充分肯定了知识可以征服自然和实现理想的伟大力量，它赞扬了人对知识、力量与欢乐的热爱。揭示了人们在当时严酷的道德秩序中意识到这些渴求要付出的代价。而时间的限制则是人类面临的最严酷的现实。剧本主导的道德精神是人文的而非宗教的,Social Significance of Marlowes Plays,Reflection of Humanist spirit,1)The praise of individuality2)The conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts.Mans reason and power is everything,Social Significance of Marlowes Plays,2.the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie,eager curiosity for knowledge insatiable appetite for power,Resolute(坚决的)character scorn of orthodox creed信条 skepticism(怀疑）toward Christian,Tamburlaine:,Doctor Faustus,The Jew of Malta,ambition,desire for knowledge,greed for wealth,typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of capital（原始资本积累）,Social Significance of Marlowes Plays,3.yet see the defects beyond the glories and satire such desire.The heroes are individualists whose ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.,William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚,Overview,1.His life2.Divisions of his literary career and his works.a.the first period(1590-1600)b.the second period(1601-1608)c.the third period(1609-1612)3.Analysis of some famous works such as“hamlet”,“Othello”,“the Merchant of Venice”and so on.4.Introduction of Shakespeares sonnets.,Who was he?,Widely regarded as the greatest writer in English literaturePoet and dramatistWrote 37 plays:comedies,histories,tragediesComposed about 154 sonnets and a few poemsStarted out as an actorComment by his contemporaries,His life,Born April 23,1564 in Stratford-on-AvonParents John and Mary Arden Shakespeare 7 brothers and sistersGrammar school from age 7 to 13.No further formal education known1582 at age 18 married Anne Hathaway1582-1592?,Stratford-on-Avon 埃文河畔斯特拉特福,1592(28 years old)went to London becoming an actor and playwright1598 begin his theatre career:built Globe Theatre(owned shares in it)1610 retired from theatre1611 died on April 23 at age 52,The Theatre Globe,It was built in 1599 and Shakespeare and a group of actors put money together to build the theatre.It was the first time ever in England actors had paid to build a theatre.So that was very special.And it became the number one theatre in London as Shakespeares company became the number one acting company of London.So it became from 1599 as the number one venue for theatre and certainly the number one venue for Shakespeares plays until 1613.And in 1613 they put on a play about Henry VIII and they had a cannon(火炮)effect to announce the arrival of the king on stage.But it was a special effect that went badly wrong because a spark from the cannon flew up and hit the roof which is made of.Thatch(茅草屋顶).It caught fire and the theatre burnt to the ground during a performance.Luckily for all of us today,the theatre has been rebuilt and it is a wonderful place to be.,literary career,Shakespeares literary career can be roughly divided into 4 periods:1.Period of early experimentation(15901594)2.Period of rapid growth and development(15951600)3.Period of gloom and depression(16011607)4.Period of calm after storm(16081612),A Chronological List of Shakespeares Plays（the first）,The first period of early apprenticeship(1590-1594):1)Henry VI,Part II,III,I2)Richard III3)The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧 错中错 4)Titus Andronicus 泰特斯安庄尼克斯,A Chronological List of Shakespeares Plays(the first),5)The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍妇6)The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维洛那二绅士7)Loves Labors Lost 爱的徒劳 空爱一场 8)Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶,The first period of early apprenticeship,Experiments in a number of dramatic form:,1.The historical play,2.Varieties of comedy,3.The revenge tragedy,4.The romantic tragedy,5.Narrative poems,Venus and Adonis 维纳斯和阿道尼斯2.The Rape of Lucrece 露克丽丝受辱记,The First Period of Apprenticeship(15901594),Shakespeares first theatrical success:,Henry VI,in three acts,Henry VI,Part IHenry VI,Part IIHenry VI,Part III,Richard III,first historical tetralogy(四部曲),history of the War of the Roses,recent historyof England,Four Comedies in the First Period,The Comedy of ErrorsThe Two Gentlemen of VeronaThe Taming of the ShrewLoves Labors Lost,comic confusions in the same city,in one day,twin brothers with their twin servants,Valentine,Proteus Silvia,Julia,Katharine,Petruchio 彼得鲁乔,King of Navarre and his three lordsPrincess of France and three of her attendant ladies,Earliest successful tragedy:Romeo and Juliet,Two families in Verona:bitter enmity 仇恨 the Capulets and the Montagues,a feastRomeolovesecret marriagekillbanishment(流放)marry Paris,a young noblemansleeping potion profound sleeppoison,diestab with dagger,Though a tragedy,there is notinge(hint)of pessimism in the play.It is a song of youth and true love.,Writing Features of the First Period,1.concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentiment2.early history plays,handle political themes and give historical lessons3.extraordinary facility(熟练)in expression and a felicity(恰当)in the choice of phrases and epithets(表示性质、特征的形容词),Features of the First Period,4.not so much on character as on fine or witty speech and situation at first5.mistaken identity,the best source of fun6.historical accuracy,not so strictly regarded7.an increasing insight into character and mind,a good command of characterization in Romeo and Juliet,Features in the First Period,8.poetical dramas:important dialogues and soliloquies(独白)assume(采取形式)the form of poetry9.the influence of Marlowe,blank verse in drama which developed into a happy vehicle(means)to express all kinds of thought and emotion freely,A Chronological List of Shakespeares Plays(the 2nd),2.the second period of rapid growth and maturity(1595-1600):1)Richard II 里查德二世2)A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦3)King John 约翰王4)The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人,A Chronological List of Shakespeares Plays(the 2nd),5)Henry IV,Part I;Henry IV,Part II亨利四世6)Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰 无事生非7)Henry V亨利五世8)The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流女人,A Chronological List of Shakespeares Plays(the 2nd),9)Julius Caesar凯撒大帝10)As You Like It如愿 皆大欢喜11)Twelfth Night 第十二夜,The Second Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity(15941600),A period of great comedies and mature historical plays:6 comedies,5 historical plays,a Roman tragedy,and some sonnets.,advance in every way:knowledgewisdompolitical insightdramatic skillcreative powercharacterizationversification(作诗),Writing features of the 2nd Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity(on theme),In comedies,the general spirit is optimism.Although there are sorrow,sin and guilty,virtue shall have its reward and triumph and the wrong shall disappear before the forces of good.In the historical plays of the second period,different phases(stage,period)of English life are shown before us.The second period is Shakespeares sweet and joyful time,portraying a magnificent panorama(view)of the manifold(various)pursuits of people in real life.,Four Great Comedies,Twelfth Night:Twin brother and sisterSebastian and ViolaOlivia Orsino,A MidsummerNights Dream:A beautiful fairytale+the strugglefor happiness of 2 pairs of lovers.,As You Like it:Romantic&pastoral,The Merchant of Venice:royalty of Bassanio,wisdom of Portia,greed of Shylock,The great comedies,1)Theme:He sang of the youth,love and ideal of happiness.2)Characters:He portrayed young people freed from the feudal fetters,who were sons and daughters of Renaissance.He also portrayed shrewd clowns and other common people.He placed women at a prominent place,a new type.,The Second Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity(15941600),The first period made Shakespeare _;in the second period,his position was secured as a _ and highly successful _,admired,praised and revered(respected)by everyone.,famous,dramatist,poet,great tragedies and dark comedies:aggravated(加重)tragic note(tone),social upheavalsill at ease(不安定)the Crown,absolutist专制主义者,risingsIn the atmosphere of general unrest,that Shakespeare exposed mercilessly the complicated social contradictions.,The Third Period of Gloom and Sadness(16011607),3.the third period of Gloom and Sadness(1601-1607):1)Hamlet哈姆雷特2)Troilus and Cressida 特洛埃勒斯与克莱西达3)Alls Well That Ends Well 终成眷属4)Measure for Measure 恶有恶报 一报还一报5)Othello 奥塞罗,A Chronological List of Shakespeares Plays(the third),6)King Lear李尔王7)Macbeth麦克白麦克佩斯8)Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉 9)Coriolanus 科利奥兰纳斯 10)Timon of Athens 雅典的泰蒙,Four Great Tragedies,a mass of evil,murder,lust(不纯洁的欲望),treachery(背叛),ingratitude(忘恩负义)and crime,Hamlet:hesitations,suspences,revenge,Othello:cheats of Iago 埃古,death of Desdemona,Macbeth:traitor-couple murder,King Lear:his 3 daughtersingratitude of Goneril,Rogan.the death of Cordelia,The great tragedies,1)His tragedies were associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life.2)They showed the struggle and conflicts between good and evil,between justice and injustice.,the 4th period of