电大桥梁工程试题A答案小抄.doc

专业好文档桥梁工程试卷1答案一、填空题（每题1分，共20分）（请将答案填写在答题纸上）1钢筋混凝土梁梁内钢筋分为两大类，有 受力钢筋 和 构造钢筋 。2公路桥梁的作用按其随时间变化的性质，分为永久作用 、 可变作用 、 偶然作用 。3按结构体系及其受力特点，桥梁可划分为 梁 、 拱 、 索 和 组合 体系。4明挖扩大基础的稳定性验算包括倾覆稳定 验算和 滑动稳定 验算。5桥梁支座按其变为的可能性分为 固定支座 和 活动支座 。6桥跨结构在 气温变化 、 活载作用 、 混凝土收缩 、 徐变 等影响下将会发生伸缩变形。7钢桥所用的连接形式有 铆接 、 焊接 、 栓接 。二、名词解释（每题3分，共15分）1建筑高度：桥面（或轨底）至桥跨结构最下缘的距离。2荷载横向分布：是指对于多主梁桥，作用在桥上的车辆荷载如何在各主梁间进行分配，或者说各主梁如何共同分担车辆活载。3冲击力：车辆活载以一定速度在桥上行使时，会使桥梁发生振动，产生竖向动力作用，这种动力作用会使桥梁的内力和变形较静活载作用时为大，其作用大小为冲击力。4偶然作用：指在设计基准期内不一定出现，但一旦出现，其值很大且持续时间很短的作用。5结合梁桥：用剪力键或抗剪结合器或其他方法将混凝土桥面板与其下的钢板梁结合成整体的梁式结构。三、简答题（每题5分，共35分）1在铁路桥梁中，道碴桥面需要设置挡碴墙，顺桥向挡碴墙需设置断缝，这是为什么？答：在铁路桥梁中，顺桥向内外侧挡碴墙高于梁顶面，在设计时控制梁顶面压应力不超过材料的允许压应力，因此，如果挡碴墙参与主梁共同工作，可能会使挡碴墙压应力超过材料的允许压应力，造成挡碴墙压碎（4分）。所以在挡碴墙上隔一定距离设置一道断缝，使挡碴墙不参与主梁共同工作。（1分）2在装配式T形梁桥中，横隔梁（板）的作用是什么？答：铁路桥梁：两片梁架设好后，应先将横隔板连接好后才能通车，不仅在于保持横向稳定性，更重要的是使两片梁在列车荷载作用下能共同分担荷载和防止梁受扭（2分）。钢轨并不是正好位于梁肋之上，而是在梁肋内侧。这样，如果两片梁没有联成整体，那么在列车通过时，梁便要受扭；若联成整体，则在直线线路上，由于线路中线与已联成整体的桥梁中心线重合（或基本重合），则梁就不会受扭或仅稍稍受扭（1分）。对于在曲线上的桥梁，由于存在离心力并且列车也不是均匀分配在两片梁上，因此就更有设置横隔板的必要（1分）。公路桥梁：横隔梁在装配式T形梁桥中起着保证各根主梁相互联成整体的作用。它的刚度越大，桥梁的整体性越好，在荷载作用下各主梁就能更好地共同工作。（1分）3公路车道荷载为什么需要进行纵向折减？答：因为在制订车道荷载标准时，采用了自然堵塞的车间间距，在确定荷载大小时，采用了重车居多的调查资料（2分）。但对大跨径桥梁，随着跨径的增加，实际通行车辆出现上述情况就会逐步缓解，因此，需对汽车荷载按跨度进行折减（3分）。4设置桥梁纵坡的原因和目的是什么？答：一方面有利于排水（3分），另一方面，则是桥梁立面布置所必需（2分）。5为什么斜桥的斜交角不宜过大？答：斜桥的斜交角过大将使得：1）桥梁的跨度增大，提高造价；（2分）2）结构受力不合理；（2分）3）增加构造难度。（1分）6分别阐述板式橡胶支座和盆式橡胶支座的工作原理答：板式橡胶支座的活动机理是：利用橡胶的不均匀弹性压缩实现转角（1.5分），利用橡胶的剪切变形实现水平位移（1.5分）。盆式橡胶支座的工作原理是：利用橡胶块在三向受力状态下具有流体的性质（适度不均匀压缩）来实现转动（1分）；依靠聚四氟乙烯板与不锈钢板之间的低摩擦系数来实现水平位移。（1分）7试给出铁路桥墩几种可能的荷载组合，并给出相应的活载布置图式。答：1）按在桥墩各截面上可能产生的最大竖向力的情况进行组合。(2分)2）按桥墩各截面在顺桥向可能产生的最大偏心和最大弯矩的情况进行组合。（2分）3）按桥墩各截面在横桥向可能产生最大偏心和最大弯矩的情况进行组合。（1分）10kN/m四、计算题（共30分）1如图所示的简支梁桥，内外梁截面相同，试计算在车辆荷载作用下2#梁A端的剪力，不考虑简支梁B端荷载横向分布系数的变化影响。要求：梁端部荷载横向分布系数按杠杆原理法计算；梁跨中荷载横向分布系数按刚性横梁法计算。图 主梁横断面布置图（单位：mm）图 主梁横隔板布置图（单位：m）图 车辆荷载的横向布置（单位：m）（1）梁端部荷载横向分布系数（5分）（2）跨中截面荷载横向分布系数（2分）（2分）（6分）（3）A端剪力（10分）2计算如图所示矩形截面重力式桥墩，某墩身截面在单向偏心压力作用下的最大压应力（若出现拉应力，需进行应力重分布计算，不考虑偏心增大系数的影响）。图2 （尺寸单位：cm）解：在偏心荷载作用下墩身截面的最大和最小应力分别为（1分）（1分）故需进行截面的应力重分布计算（2分）（1分）所以，图示偏心荷载作用下墩身最大应力为1.156MPa。Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis' 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnley's effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competition's top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011."I'd give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA." Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by England's Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos' focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. They've been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.