电大《二十世纪外国文学专题》(作业一)指导.doc

专业好文档二十世纪外国文学专题（作业一）指导 一、填空题1、在20世纪，占据西方文学主潮地位的是现代主义文学。2、在20世纪现代主义小说史上，1883年生于布拉格的卡夫卡堪称一个奠基者。3、英国大诗人奥登曾说：“就作家与其时代的关系而论，当代能与但丁、莎士比亚和歌德相提并论的第一人是卡夫卡。卡夫卡对我们至关重要，因为他的困境就是 的困境。”4、变形记的主人公是格里高尔·萨姆莎。5、卡夫卡的长篇小说主要有审判、城堡、美国。6、卡夫卡的（中）短篇小说主要有变形记、饥饿艺术家、地洞。（填中短篇小说中的任意一篇都可以。）7、“表现主义”的概念最初是运用在绘画评论中，1901年，法国画家朱利安·奥古斯特·埃尔维在巴黎“独立沙龙”展出了8幅作品，被称为“表现主义”绘画。8、城堡的主人公名叫K。9、法国作家纪德认为，卡夫卡的作品有两个相反相承的世界：一是对“梦幻世界的自由主义式（通过精致入微的画面使之可信），二是“大胆地向神秘主义的转换”。10、意识流小说的产生有着深厚的哲学和心理学基础。其中法国当代哲学家柏格森的直觉主义和心理时间观直接构成了意识流小说的哲学背景。奥地利心理学家弗洛伊德的精神分析学说构成了意识流小说的心理学基础。11、弗洛伊德把人的意识划分为意识、前意识、无意识三种结构形态。12、乔伊斯的祖国是爱尔兰。13、尤利西斯被誉为“二十世纪最伟大的英语文学著作”。二、问答题（以下只给出了答题要点，学生可根据要点补充具体内容）1、什么是表现主义？“表现主义”的概念最初是运用在绘画评论中。在文学批评界，表现主义一词在1911年 7月正式出现在德国，并在此后的几年中获得了更广泛的认可。 表现主义是一种反传统的现代主义流派，它在绘画、文学、音乐、电影等艺术形式中均有不同的表现。其特征主要表现在三方面：思想上；创作上；具体表现手法上。2、卡夫卡的表现主义技巧有哪些主要特征？善于营造幻象世界，但又有精细入微的现实主义、甚至是自然主义的细节描写。具有高超的虚拟现实的本领，他往往借助于荒诞、变形、陌生化、抽象化等艺术手段来实现。3、简述在城堡解释史上，不同研究者所得出的不同结论。教材上主要讲了7种，见17-18页。4、意识流小说的代表作家作品主要有哪些？主要有马塞尔?普鲁斯特的追忆似水年华；詹姆斯?乔伊斯的青年艺术家的画像、尤利西斯、芬尼根们的苏醒；威廉?福克纳的喧哗与骚动、我弥留之际；弗吉尼亚?伍尔夫的达罗卫夫人、到灯塔去、浪等。（因为有争议，追忆似水年华写与不写都可。）5、简述弗洛伊德关于意识的三种形态及其作用。 意识：已形成语言。前意识：未形成语言。无意识：未形成语言；梦是无意识的间接反应。6、简述作为文学术语的意识流的三个层面及其各自的主要内容。一个现代主义小说流派。一种小说文体。存在两种不同看法。表现人物心理和意识活动的一种技巧。7、什么是意识流小说的主要表现手法内心独白、自由联想、蒙太奇？内心独白：是默然无声，一人独操的心理语言，是无声无息的语言意识。又可分为间接内心独白。直接内心独白。（要具体说明两者的具体内容。）自由联想：在小说中，人物的意识流程往往不具有任何规律和秩序。其意识一般只能在一个问题或一种事物上作短暂停留，头脑中的事物常因外部客观事物的突然出现而被取代。眼前任何一种能刺激五官的事物都有可能打断人物的思路，激发新的思绪与浮想，释放出一连串新的印象与感触“蒙太奇”。蒙太奇是电影的基本手法，通常指电影镜头的组合、叠加。而意识流小说中蒙太奇的运用指的则是作者把不同时间和空间中的事件和场景组合拼凑在一起，从而超越了时间和空间的限制，表现了人的意识跨越时空的跳跃性与无序性。意识流小说中的蒙太奇进一步分为时间蒙太奇与空间蒙太奇两种。8、在尤利西斯中，乔伊斯设置了一个和奥德塞相对应的结构，对于这一问题，评论界有两种主要观点，简述这两种主要观点的相同之处和不同之处。不同之处：表现了乔伊斯的宏大创作意图。对荷马史诗的借用反映了乔伊斯借助一种神话结构从总体上把握当代社会生活的意向。尤利西斯所代表的二十世纪现代主义小说在史诗和神话模式中所建构的秩序和统一性不过是一种虚构的产物。小说中的主人公布卢姆作为一个有些下流的广告推销员不能与荷马史诗中的大英雄相提并论；平庸琐碎的都柏林的现实生活不能成为一个神话。 相同之处：在对丧失了生命力的无序的现代文明的基本判断上堪称是一致的。9、喧哗与骚动中班吉的叙述有什么作用和意义？班吉的叙事突出地反映了福克纳的对意识流小说技巧的精心营造，白痴的形象也寄托了福克纳的刻意追求：首先，班吉的讲述呈现了文学感性的具体性和原初性。 其次，白痴叙事更有助于表现意识流的创作技巧。“混乱”是班吉叙述的最突出特征。最后，白痴叙事有助于福克纳传达小说的深层主题：人生就是由白痴讲述的荒唐的故事。 三、论述题1、结合变形记节选，论述这篇小说如何体现卡夫卡小说的主要特征总体的荒诞性和细节的真实性？要求：在论述中要引用原文，或用自己的话复述，不能空泛地论述。2、结合喧哗与骚动节选，谈谈：1）昆丁的叙述交代了哪些故事情节？2）昆丁的叙述如何表现“意识流”的特征？（参照二十世纪外国文学作品选第71页注释）要求：“故事情节”又称“情节”，指作品中的人物经历的种种矛盾和他的活动过程，它由一系列能显示人物与人物之间、人物与环境之间的特定关系的事件组成。在回答第1问时，要注意弄清“事件”，这样就不会感到太琐碎。在回答第2问时，要求引原文说明意识流的特点。"If we don't do that it will go on and go on. We have to stop it; we need the courage to do it."His comments came hours after Fifa vice-president Jeffrey Webb - also in London for the FA's celebrations - said he wanted to meet Ivory Coast international Toure to discuss his complaint.CSKA general director Roman Babaev says the matter has been "exaggerated" by the Ivorian and the British media.Blatter, 77, said: "It has been decided by the Fifa congress that it is a nonsense for racism to be dealt with with fines. You can always find money from somebody to pay them."It is a nonsense to have matches played without spectators because it is against the spirit of football and against the visiting team. It is all nonsense."We can do something better to fight racism and discrimination."This is one of the villains we have today in our game. But it is only with harsh sanctions that racism and discrimination can be washed out of football."The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).cause there6