跨文化交际实用教程(全套ppt课件).ppt

Intercultural Communication,跨文化交际实用教程,A Practical Coursebook,Unit 1 An Introduction,3,I.Why take Intercultural Communication?,Discussion,2012-2-16,1.Warm-up Case,Please discuss the case in groups and make a comment on it.A Case:Showing ConcernIn China:Xiao Li(an interpreter):You must be very tired.Youre oldCatherine(an elderly American lady):Oh,Im NOT old,and Im NOT tired.,4,2012-2-16,Comment,What the interpreter said is quite courteous in China.It means,“If you are tired,we can take a little rest,since you are getting on in years.”The interpreter gave the impression that he thought the elderly lady would collapse any minute if she doesnt rest immediately.,5,2012-2-16,Comment,In the West,there is a value placed in being young that many people consciously,or subconsciously,are not willing to accept that they are growing old.,6,2012-2-16,The western way of showing concern is generally different from the Chinese way.,In China:Xiao Li(an interpreter):You must be very tired.Youre oldCatherine(an elderly American lady):Oh,Im NOT old,and Im NOT tired.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually expressed by statement.In the West:A:How are you doing now?Would you like to rest?B:No,not a bit.The western way of showing concern is mainly displayed with question.,7,2012-2-16,Comment,This case clearly shows that translation is an intercultural communication,which requires the translator/interpreter to possess both English cultural knowledge and language competence.,8,2012-2-16,9,2.Different attitudes towards the same object When one coin was lost,Englishman:Not surprised,shrugged his shoulders,going away,without being troubled by nothing.,American man:Called a policeman,gave him his telephone number,left with a chewing gum in his mouth.,2012-2-16,10,German man:Made a mark within 100 miters on the ground,looking for the lost coin with a magnifying glass.,Japanese man:felt sorry for his own carelessness,still blamed him at home,swearing not to make such a silly mistake again.,2012-2-16,11,Agricultural Culture:worship land,love land,depend upon land,staying at point with moving,Nomadic Culture:worship nature,love nature,depend upon nature,moving from one place to another,not fixed at one point.,Business Culture:ready to move farther and farther,making more profits for showing the value of life.,3.People are culturally different,2012-2-16,12,If only 100 people left in the global village,1.17 speak Chinese2.9 speak English3.8 speak Dard4.6 speak Spanish5.6 speak Russian6.4 speak Arabic.7.50 speak Bengali Bangladesh,Japanese or French.,2012-2-16,13,4.People are religiously different,Christianity.About 21.4 billion Christians in the world.Bible.For philanthropy and equal for everybody.,Islam.Meaning being obedient;Muslims are those who are obedient.Quran.,Buddhism.Are you a Buddhist?Buddhists are taught to live for kindness rather than evils.,2012-2-16,14,If only 100 people left in the global village,33 Christians18 Moslems14 Hindus16 no religion6 Buddhists13 different religions,2012-2-16,15,5.People are ideologically different,Chinese people and Asians are a bit modest,live for harmony,trying to avoid face to face conflict.Being collectivist.,Westerners are being individualist,being equal and different.It is none of my business.,2012-2-16,16,6.People are racially different,We are Hopo sapiens.Generally,the people in the world are classified into four major races,though not universally accepted.White/Caucasian;Mongoloid/Asian;Negroid/Black;Australoid/Brown,2012-2-16,17,If only 100 people left in the global village,61 Asians12 Europeans8 North Americans5 South Americans13 Africans1 Australasian,2012-2-16,18,People are different throughout the world,culturally,religiously,ideologically and racially,actually different in almost every aspect,therefore we are supposed to know about their differences as much as possible,just for a smooth communication among the Homo sapiens,the people in the global village.You will make it by coming to Intercultural Communication.,Why take Intercultural Communication?,2012-2-16,19,The Purpose,The general purpose of this course is to understand the ways in which culture interrelates with and effects communication processes.Intercultural learning involves affective and behavioral processes,as well as cognitive ones.Throughout this course,you will have the opportunity to gain knowledge,skills and attitudes that will increase your intercultural communication competence.,2012-2-16,20,The Objectives 1)To explore cultural self-awareness,other culture awareness and the dynamics that arise in interactions between the two.2)To understand how communication processes differ among cultures.3)To identify challenges that arise from these differences in intercultural interactions and learn ways to creatively address them.4)To acquire knowledge and develop skills that increase intercultural competence.5)To have an understanding of the meaning of the cultures understood by the westerners and the easterners or the Chinese and Americans.,2012-2-16,21,The Reasons,1)Development of Science&Technology 2)Globalization of Economy 3)Widespread Immigration 4)Development of Multiculturalism 5)International Communication 6)Interracial Communication 7)Interethnic Communication or minority communication,2012-2-16,II.What Is Culture?,22,2012-2-16,1.Define cultures yourself,Please write down whatever comes to your mind when you hear or think of culture.Next,try to figure out how they are related to culture.,23,2012-2-16,24,2.Definition Final,1)Culture is the total way of life that a group of people shares.2)Culture is a system of shared beliefs,values,customs,behaviors,and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another,and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.,2012-2-16,25,3)Culture is an Integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance.4)Culture is the deposit of knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notions of time,roles,spatial relations,concepts of the universe,and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.,2012-2-16,26,5)Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutions and communication patterns that are shared,learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.,2012-2-16,27,3.Elements of Culture,2012-2-16,4.Culture Three Ingredients:,artifactsconcepts(beliefs,values,world views)behavior e.g.Whereas the money is considered an artifact,then value placed on it is a concept,the actual spending and saving of the money is behavior.,2012-2-16,28,29,5.What is culture like?,2012-2-16,30,Culture Like an Iceberg,a.Objective culture:history,literature,and customs.(visible,small part)b.Subjective culture:feelings and attitudes about things.(invisible,large part),2012-2-16,31,culture,2012-2-16,32,The Cultural Iceberg,2012-2-16,The Iceberg of Culture,2012-2-16,33,34,Objective Culture&Subjective Culture,1)notions of modesty,conception of beauty,ideal of childrearing,relationships to animals 2)patterns of superior/subordinate relations,definition of sin,courtship practices,conception of justice,incentives to work,notions of leadership,tempo of work,group decision-making,(3)conception of cleanliness,attitudes towards dependents,theory of disease,approaches to problem-solving,conception of status mobility,status designations based on age,sex,class,occupation,kinship,etc.(4)nature of friendship,ordering of time,concept of“self”,preference for competition or cooperation,body language,notions about logic and validity,patterns of handling emotions,客观、主观文化 1)fine arts,literature,drama,classical music,popular music,folk dancing,games,cooking,dress 2)eye behavior,contextual conversation patterns,social interaction rite,facial expressions,2012-2-16,35,Cultural Iceberg,1）美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰2）目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情,1）谦虚观念、美的概念、子女抚养标准、与动物的关系2）上下级关系模式、罪恶的定义、求爱方式、工作的积极性、友谊的性质、对领导的看法、工作节奏、集体决策3）整洁的概念、对依赖的态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、因年龄（性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等）社会地位的称谓4）朋友的意义、时间观念、对“个人”的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、肢体语言、对逻辑和信度的概念、控制情感的模式,2012-2-16,36,6.Characteristics of Culture,Culture is shared.,2)Culture is learned.,3)Culture is based on symbols.符号,4)Culture is integrated.集成,5)Culture is subjective to change.,6)Culture is ethnocentric种族优越感.,7)Culture is adaptive自适应.,2012-2-16,37,1)Culture is shared.,The members of a culture share a set of ideals,values,and standards of behaviors,and this set of ideals is what gives meaning to their lives,and what bonds them together as a culture.,2012-2-16,38,Actually,culture is not innate（先天）sensibility,but a learned characteristic.Children begin learning about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other,how they dress,and the rituals（仪式）they perform.When the children are growing in the community（社区）,their cultural education is advanced（先进）by watching social interactions,taking part in cultural activities and rituals in the community,forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.,2)Culture is learned.,2012-2-16,39,In order for the culture to be transmitted from one person to the next,and from one generation to the next,a system of symbols needs to be created that translates the ideals of the culture（文化理想）to its members.This is accomplished through language,art,religion and money.,3)Culture is symbolic.,2012-2-16,40,For the sake of（为求）keeping the culture,functioning all aspects of the culture must be integrated.For example,the language must be able to describe all the functions within the culture in order for ideas and ideals to be transmitted from one person to another.Without the integration of language into the fabric（布，品质）of the culture,confusion and dysfunction（功能障碍）would reign（统治）and the culture would fail.,4)Culture is integrated.,2012-2-16,41,It is necessary to recognize that cultures are dynamic rather than static（静态）.They are constantly（经常）changing and evolving（演变）under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures.Cultures change through three most common mechanisms（机制）:innovation,diffusion and acculturation(calamity).创新，传播和涵化（灾难）,5)Culture is dynamic（动态）,2012-2-16,42,Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background,including ways of analyzing problems,values,beliefs,language,and verbal and nonverbal communication（语言和非语言沟通）,is correct.Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect,ineffective,or quaint（无效，或古朴）.,6)Culture is ethnocentric.,2012-2-16,III.Communication,Can you give some examples to explain the word communication?What is communication?,43,2012-2-16,1.Definition of Communication,Generally speaking,communication can be defined as a dynamic,symbolic,transactional and contextual process（事务性和上下文的过程）in which people create shared meanings or messages.,44,2012-2-16,2.Eight Ingredients of Communication,behavioral sourceEncoding（编码）messagechannelresponderDecoding（解码）responseFeedback（反馈）,2012-2-16,45,IV.What is Intercultural Communication?,2012-2-16,46,跨文化,47,1.Intercultural Communication Defined,Intercultural Communication means the exchange or communication between people who have different cultural backgrounds.,2012-2-16,加开机键,2.Model of Intercultural Communication,48,2012-2-16,3.Comment,The more similarities two cultures share,the less influence culture will have on communication.Therefore,the less messages will be changed during communication.The less the cultures are alike,the greater the influence of culture on communication will be,and the more likely the messages will be changed.Misunderstanding in intercultural communication often arises here.,49,2012-2-16,4.Model of Intercultural Communication,50,Suppose Culture A:Chinese culture Culture B:Japanese culture Culture C:American culture,2012-2-16,If people from Chinese culture go to Japan,due to the similarities between Chinese and Japanese cultures,they can communicate with Japanese people without causing much misunderstanding.Or,people of the Japanese culture could understand most of what they say without their messages being altered too much.However,when Chinese people communicate with American people,problems often occur because Chinese culture and American culture differ from each other greatly.,51,2012-2-16,5.Barriers in Intercultural Communication,Language differencesNonverbal communicationStereotypesCultural bias on judgmentsHigh level of stress,52,2012-2-16,53,V.The Difference between Chinese and Western Cultures,2012-2-16,54,1.The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People,Saving Face,Hardworking,Formal,2012-2-16,55,The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People,Insensitive to time,Tending to misunderstand,Beating about the bush,2012-2-16,56,The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People,Obey but not Follow,Being doubtful,Being content,2012-2-16,57,The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People,Never kissed parents,Shanzai everywhere,2012-2-16,58,2.The attitudes by Chinese towards Westerners,Kiss and hug anytime and anywhere,Going Dutch,2012-2-16,59,The attitudes by Chinese towards Westerners,Being punctual,Mind your own business,Too frank,2012-2-16,60,CC:Man is an integral part of nature,comply with the wishes of nature.(天人合一，顺天应物)WC:Man is separate from nature,try to conquer the nature.(天人相分，征服自然),Man and Nation,2012-2-16,61,CC:Family ethnics first(家族伦理本位)WC:Individuals first（个人本位）,Conception of Family,2012-2-16,62,CC:Believe in harmony and the Doctrine of the Mean.贵和尚中。WC:Trust in the spirit of reasons.理性精神。,Man and Man,2012-2-16,63,The way of life,Individual vs Group,2012-2-16,64,The way of making comments,Direct vs Indirect,2012-2-16,65,Punctuality,On time vs Late,2012-2-16,66,Personal Relationship,Simple vs Complex,2012-2-16,67,Standing in a queue,Line vs Fan,2012-2-16,68,Walking in a street on weekends,A few vs a crowd,2012-2-16,69,Time for a shower,In the morning vs in the evening,2012-2-16,70,Daily life of old people,With a dog vs with a child,2012-2-16,71,Voice of talking in public,Low vs high,2012-2-16,72,Idea of oneself,Individual-centered vs group-centered,2012-2-16,73,Leadership,Equal vs power,2012-2-16,74,Western:small,intimate family,retirement home,the old are separated,children leave early;being independent and look after themselves.Parents never interfere with their children affairs when they are old enough.,Family,2012-2-16,75,Old separated,Young independent,2012-2-16,76,Washington left his office and remained on his farm till his death,refusing to go back frequently to White House for advice.The county needs the civil officers rather than the military officer when it is in peace.,Washington and his Country,2012-2-16,77,Eastern:extended(relatives included),aged stay with family,the old are respected,children stay until married;children can never be c