独立主格结构课件.ppt

His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.Because his friends will come tonight.Everyone having sat down,the teacher began his class.After everyone had sat down.Thousands of eyes fixed upon him,Nick felt on edge.Because thousands of eyes were fixed upon him.,1,Grammar,Absolute Nominative Structure独立主格结构,2,【独立主格结构的概念】,独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中做 的短语，用于修饰整个句子，它是一个简单句，句中只有一个主语。其位置灵活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。独立主格结构主要有两部分构成：逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。作为逻辑主语；现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等作为逻辑谓语。,状语,名词或代词,3,His friends to come tonight so he is busy preparing the dinner.Everyone having sat down and the teacher began his class.Thousands of eyes were fixed upon him so Nick felt on edge.,T or F,并列连 fanboys,4,独立主格结构具有两个特点：1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独 立存在。2.独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。,独立主格结构有三种类型：1.逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）非谓语动词独立主格结构2.逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)无动词独立主格结构3.with/without+复合宾语（不定式、现在分词、过去 分词、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词）with的复合结构,5,(一)非谓语动词独立主格结构 逻辑主语+非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词),1.“名词/代词+不定式”结构,由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态，在句中常作，偶尔作。,e.g.His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.,e.g.No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.,原因状语,条件状语,他朋友今晚要来，所以正忙着准备晚餐呢,如果没人叫醒我，我会错过第一节课的。,(相当于状语从句：because.will.),(相当于条件状语从句：if no.woke me.),6,2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构,该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式或伴随状语等。现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或表示主动）。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。,(1)作 状语：Everyone having sat down,the teacher began his class.每个人都坐好后，老师开始上课。(相当于时间状语从句:After everyone had sat down),(2)作 状语：The boy leading the way,we had no trouble getting out of the forest.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就走出了森林。(相当于原因状语从句:Because the boy led the way),时间,原因,7,2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构,(3)作 状语：My health allowing,I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。,(4)作 状语：The students are walking in the school happily,each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。,条件,方式或伴随,（相当于并列句：and each wears a card.）,（相当于条件状语从句：If my health allows）,8,3.“名词/代词+过去分词”结构,该结构在句中常作 时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴随状语、条件状语等。过去分词通常表示被动意义或完成意义。,(1)作 状语：The test finished,well have our summer vocation.考试结束以后，我们将开始暑假了。,(2)作 状语：Thousands of eyes fixed upon him,Nick felt on edge.上千只眼睛看着他，尼克感到紧张。,时间,原因,（相当于时间状语从句：After the test is finished.）,（相当于原因状语从句：Because.eyes were fixed upon him.）,9,(3)作 状语：When in trouble,Sam would sit alone,head bent.萨姆遇到麻烦时，总是独自坐着，头低着。,3.“名词/代词+过去分词”结构,(4)作 状语：More time given,we can finish the work.如果给我们更多的时间，我们就能完成这项工作。,方式或伴随,条件,（相当于并列句 and his head was bent.）,（相当于条件状语从句：If more time is given to us.）,10,【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】,1.名词或代词+不定式其中的不定式通常表示即将要发生的动作。,2.名词或代词+现在分词其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或表示主动）。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。,3.名词或代词+过去分词其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义或完成意义。,Their room was on the third floor,its window overlooking the sports ground.他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。,11,1、The manager looks worried，many things to settle.经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle将来与主动）2、The students are walking in the school happily,each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（每个人胸前都带着一张卡进行与主动）3、Their room was on the third floor,its window overlooking the sports ground.他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。（窗户俯视着操场一般情况的状态或主动）,【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】,12,4、The manager looks relaxed,many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束完成与被动）5、The food cooked,the boy went to bed.饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的完成与被动）,【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】,13,1.A new technique _,the production increased by 20 percent.A.to have been worked out B.having worked out C.working outD.having been worked out2.There are various kinds of metals,each _ its own properties(特性).A.has B.had C.to have D.having,【当堂检测】,14,3._,Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon.A.Time permits B.If time permitting C.Time permitting D.Times permitting4._,we all went home happily.A.Goodbye was said B.Goodbye had been said C.Goodbye said D.When goodbye said5.She stood there,_ from her cheeks.A.tears rolling down B.tears rolled down C.with tears rolled down D.tears rolling down,【当堂检测】,15,1.逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）2.逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短 语)3.with/without+复合宾语 宾语+宾语补足语（不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,非谓语动词独立主格结构,复习,独立主格结构有三种类型：,无动词独立主格结构,with的复合结构,16,（二）无动词独立主格结构,英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。这种结构往往看作是“名词/代词+being+表语”结构中省略了being,主要有如下几种情况：,1.逻辑主语+名词 Many people come to visit the city,.很多人来参观这个城市，其中大多数是外国人。I received many Christmas gifts,.我收到了很多圣诞礼物，其中一些是书籍。,2.逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me,his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）,most of them foreigners,some of them books,17,3.逻辑主语+副词 School over,we all went home.放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being）,I cant focus my mind on the work.音乐开着，我不能专心工作。,（二）无动词独立主格结构,4.逻辑主语+介词短语,it is going to rain soon.天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。,The music on,Dark clouds in the sky,18,注意:1.在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子简洁,往往将“逻辑主语+介词短语”中的冠词或代词都省略。The guard stood by the door,(a)gun in(his)hand.警卫站在门旁，手里拿着枪。She came in,(a)smile on(her)face.她进来了，脸上带着笑。,（二）无动词独立主格结构,2.独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略：一是在“There being+名词”结构中；二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。There being no bus,we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday,all the offices are closed.因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。,19,（二）无动词独立主格结构,当堂检测,1._ no bus,we had to walk home.A.There was B.There being C.Because there being D.There were2._,we all went swimming in high spirits.A.It being fine weather B.It fine weather C.It was fine weather D.It being a fine weather 3._,the hunter went into the forest.A.A gun on shoulder B.A gun was on his shoulder C.Gun on shoulder D.A gun being on shoulder,20,1.逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）2.逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短 语)3.with/without+复合宾语 宾语+宾语补足语（不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,非谓语动词独立主格结构,复习,独立主格结构有三种类型：,无动词独立主格结构,with的复合结构,21,（三）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,“介词with/without+宾语+宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语、原因状语，也可作定语。上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现，即：,with/without,+,名词/代词,+,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,名词,22,1.with/without+名词/代词+形容词，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。,2.with/without+名词/代词+副词，she had to stay at home alone.因为她姐姐出去了，她只能独自待在家里。,3.with/without+名词/代词+介词短语 He stood at the door,.他站在门旁边，手里拿着一台电脑。,（三）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,With his son so disappointing,With her sister out,with a computer in his hand,23,（三）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,4.with/without+名词/代词+不定式,the boy looked upset.没有任何游戏可玩，小男孩看起来很沮丧。,5.with/without+名词/代词+现在分词，I stole into the room.没有人注意，我偷偷地溜进了屋子。,6.with/without+名词/代词+过去分词 With his homework done,Peter went out to play.作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。The boy was crying，.玩具坏了，那男孩在哭。,Without any game to play,Without anyone noticing,with his toy broken,24,（三）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,注意：在with/without 复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。,With his homework done,Peter went out to play.,Without any game to play,the boy looked upset.,His homework done,Peter went out to play.,不好改为Any game to play,the boy looked upset.,25,（当堂检测）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,1._ production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.For C.With D.Through 2.With a lot of work _,I have to sit up tonight.A.do B.doing C.done D.to do 3.John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work,he gladly accepted it.A.finished B.finishing C.having finished D.was finished,26,1.逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）2.逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短 语)3.with/without+复合宾语 宾语+宾语补足语（不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,非谓语动词独立主格结构,复习,独立主格结构有三种类型：,无动词独立主格结构,with的复合结构,27,.独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系或者是动宾关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。The president assassinated（暗杀，行刺）,the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。,28,Generally speaking,the rule is very easy to understand.Judging from what he said,he must be an honest man.To tell you the truth,I made a mistake in the word spelling.To make things worse,many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay,leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.,29,有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking（总的说来），Frankly speaking（坦率地说），Judging from（从判断），Supposing（假设），等等。Generally speaking,the rule is very easy to understand.总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。Judging from what he said,he must be an honest man.由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。,补充知识1 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同,30,有些固定短语是带 to的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure（确实），to tell you the truth（说实话），to cut a long story short（长话短说），to be frank（坦率地说），to make matters/things worse（更糟糕的是），等等。To tell you the truth,I made a mistake in the word spelling.说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。To make things worse,many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay,leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。,31,Seeing from the hilltop,we can find the city more beautiful.Lost in thoughts,she nearly ran into the tree.,32,补充知识2 独立主格结构与分词短语的异同独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。Time permitting,wed better have a holiday at weekends.转换为：If time permits,wed better have a holiday at weekends.如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。,33,Seeing from the hilltop,we can find the citymore beautiful.转换为：,When we see from the hilltop,we can find the city more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。,34,1.逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）2.逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短 语)3.with/without+复合宾语 宾语+宾语补足语（不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,非谓语动词独立主格结构,复习,独立主格结构有三种类型：,无动词独立主格结构,with的复合结构,35,Thats all.,36,Thank you,37,