英语语法填空 课件.ppt

第二部分英语知识运用第二章 语法填空,一、考纲解读语法填空题 共10小题，每小题1.5分。在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容(不多于3个单词)或所提供单词的正确形式。本部分所需时间约为10分钟。,二、命题特点语法填空题的考查宗旨在于：考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对语法和语言知识的掌握情况，着重考查考生的综合语言运用能力，其“突出语篇，强调运用”的命题思路，不仅充分体现了语言测试的交际性原则，也很好地体现了高中英语课程改革的教学理念，与课程标准所提出的英语课程的性质完全吻合。其命题规律主要体现在：,1从语法的句子结构与语法形式入手。语篇中的句子结构和常见的语法形式是命题者关注的重点，如：例Mum:No,he went off to his tennis match before I finished_65_(make)them,so he couldnt have done it.解析：finish doing就是句子结构和语法转换的有效结合。答案：making,2从词汇的本义、转义和前后缀的变化入手。每一篇语言材料都会给出适当的提示词，且给出的提示词多是词汇的本义，命题者就是要求考生根据所给词汇的本义，利用适当的语言环境进行词性的转换，前后缀的变化做题。如：例Alan:Oh,it must have been Dad.Im sure he was in the kitchen _4_(early)解析：early的变化形式就是此类试题的命题经典。答案：earlier,3从语境语篇的线索以及标志性信息词入手。语篇线索的关键体现即是根据上下文中一些标志性信息词的暗示来进行命题，如：例I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table_2_ I went to answer the phone.解析：句中空缺部分的填入要根据上文的关键信息词I.left them on the table_I went to answer the phone.和文章最后的关键信息词.when the phone rang.分析判断。答案：when,三、解题步骤1通读全文，了解大意。既然是利用语篇在语境中考语法，那么，我们在解题前要快速浏览短文，了解全文大意。这一步非常重要。,2试填空格，先易后难。读懂短文之后，要结合短文所提供的特定的语境(也就是上下文)，从句子结构的完整性去分析思考空格所缺单词在句中作何种句子成分，从而推断出它的词性，然后再根据句子意义的完整性去确定填一个表示什么意义的代词、冠词或介词等，最后根据句子与句子之间的逻辑关系来确定具体要填哪个关联词。在解题过程中，要先易后难。,3重读全文，解决难题。在大部分空格填好后，再仔细推敲难题。此时难题也就不再难了。所有空格填好后，把整篇文章从头至尾再复读一遍进行核查。,四、考查话题及题型分布,1纯空格题的解题技巧纯空格类试题其考查的语言项目主要有：行文逻辑、冠词、连词、介词、关系词等。首先，分析句子结构确定填哪类词。然后，根据句子的意思，确定具体填什么词。具体分析方法有：,要诀1名词、代词、动名词前设空，首先考虑限定词与介词。【解读】在纯空格类试题中，如果在名词前设空，答案应首先考虑限定词与介词。限定词包括冠词(a,an,the)、物主代词(my,your,his等)、名词所有格、不定代词(no,some,any,one,each,every,either,neither,another,other 等)。,【例句1】What is a good education？_question is far from being answered.Once more,colleges and universities are revising their programs:they drop“fun courses”and reestablish some of the traditional subjects neglected since the 1960s.,解析：question为名词，其前设空，答案应首先考虑限定词。上文已经提及这个问题“What is a good education？”所以下面要论述的问题应表示特指，故用定冠词the。答案：The,【例句2】His teacher took a deep drink，.thanked his student very much for the sweet water.After the student left,the teacher let_student taste the water.解析：考查代词。由student 单数可知前面代词应指一个人，由上文“After the student left”可知是另一个学生。答案：another,【例句3】Nick replied，“The only reason a man would sell salt 1._a lower price would be because he was desperate for money.And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect 2._the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”,解析：考查介词。第一空at a lower price为固定用法，意思是：以较低的价格。第二空respect for sth.意思是：对的尊重。答案：1.at2.for,要诀2及物动词后设空，首先考虑代词或名词。【解读】如果动词是及物动词，其后应跟宾语。因此如果在及物动词后设空，应首先考虑代词，尤其是宾格代词，以代替上文提到的人或者事物，或结合语境填入名词作它的宾语。,【例句1】I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I had caused_解析：及物动词后缺宾语，纯空格考虑填入人称代词宾格。cause sb.sth.为固定结构，故答案为her。答案：her,【例句2】.although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while,she knew that this was a present which was bound to please_解析：句子缺宾语。根据句意，给父亲买礼物，根据常识应是使父亲高兴，作宾语用代词宾格。please him/father使他高兴。答案：him,【例句3】When I looked into their eyes,I found they didnt care,which told me it would be useless,but when I looked into_，I saw kindness.解析：句中looked into 后缺宾语，故填代词；根据前文their eyes 得知此空要填名词性的物主代词。答案：yours,要诀3平时注意积累，注意习惯搭配。【解读】语法填空中的一些纯空格题实际上考查的是习惯搭配。解决此类问题，考生需要注意平时积累一些常见的固定搭配和习惯用语，多阅读地道的英语文章，培养语感，这样在做题时就可以游刃有余，又快又好。,【例句】_view of the rising popularity of 3D films,80 percent said the growth prospect would be good in the coming 12 months,and 60 percent suggested that 3D technology would offer more business opportunities over the next three years.解析：in view of“鉴于，考虑到”为固定搭配。答案：In,要诀4掌握并列句和主从复合句的结构。若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，就必须要有连词，否则句子结构就不完整。接着通过判定从句类型来选择适当的连词。【解读】(1)如果判定从属连词所引导的从句起形容词的作用，则为定语从句。再根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么句子成分，来确定用何关系词，若在从句中作主语或宾语，用关系代词；若作状语就用关系副词。,(2)如果判定从属连词所引导的从句起名词的作用(作主语、宾语、表语、同位语)，则为名词性从句，再根据名词性从句的连接词在从句中的意义和作什么句子成分，来确定用什么连接词。(3)如果判定从属连词所引导的从句起副词的作用，则为状语从句。再根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系或连词在从句中作什么句子成分，来确定合适的连词。,【例句1】One day,he came up with an idea_he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.解析：that引导同位语从句，补充说明前面idea 的内容。答案：that,【例句2】In Lanzhou I visited a factory_ everything was very simple,including its equipment and the directors office,yet the factory turned out quite good products.解析：这是一个定语从句，先行词是factory,在这里它是一个表示场所的名词。空格处所需要的关系词在定语从句中作状语，所以用where。答案：where,【例句3】He was very tired after doing this for a whole day，_he felt very happy since the crop did“grow”higher.解析：因He was very tired.是一个句子，he felt very happy.也是一个句子，这两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填连词；根据句意和两句之间逻辑关系，可知两句话是转折关系，故填but。答案：but,【例句4】We understand this lesson best_ we receive gifts of love from children.解析：考查时间状语从句，表示“当的时候”，故填when。答案：when,【例句5】.the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to_should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house.解析：who引导从句作介词as to(关于)的宾语，同时在从句中充当主语。答案：who,【例句6】Jane paused in front of a counter_ some attractive ties were on display.解析：因两句之间没有连词，必定是填连词；后句应该是定语从句，要填的词必须代替先行词counter 同时又在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where。答案：where,要诀5若结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do,does,did等)。,【例句1】What is acceptable in one country_ be considered extremely rude in another.解析：句中What is acceptable in one country是主语从句，空格后的be considered是谓语；因其中的be是原形，故空格处必定是填情态动词或助动词does(由语境可知是一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数)；由句意及作者的语气可知，需填表示“可能”的情态动词may。答案：may,【例句2】He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife,but he_bring home a regular salary.解析：这是一个由but连接的并列句，由前一分句的谓语动词had是一般过去时可知，后一分句的谓语动词bring也应用一般过去时；可是，bring却用的是原形，既与语境的时态不符，也与主语he不一致，该句不是倒装句，因此，此处必定是填情态动词或表示强调的助动词did；由句意和作者的语气推测，应当填对谓语动词表示强调的助动词did(的确)。答案：did,要诀6由特殊的句式结构来判断空格应填的词。(1)由it is.that.强调结构形式，判断填it还是that。【例句】.and_40_was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldnt eat MSG(味精)!解析：由句式结构可知，本句为强调句，应填it。答案：it,(2)由倒装句式判断，是填构成倒装的条件的only,so,neither,nor,never,hardly,seldom,not,until,had等，还是填do,does,did等。【例句】_with hard work can you expect to get pay rise.解析：由can you expect to.可知，这是倒装句，根据构成倒装的条件可知，应填副词only，因为“only 状语(with hard work)”放在句首，句子要用倒装。答案：Only,(3)由it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式判断，空格处是否填it。如：【例句1】.as_32_took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two world famous artists.解析：由句式结构可知，这是it takes sb.some time to do sth.句型，本句的不定式to steal paintings是真正的主语，空格处填形式主语it。答案：it,【例句2】Dating sites also make_36_easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in.解析：由句式结构可知，to avoid.是真正的宾语，easy是宾补，空格处应填作形式宾语的it。答案：it,(4)so/such.that.句型。如：【例句】This made the goat so jealous_34_ it began plotting against(谋划对付)the donkey.解析：由句式结构可知，这是so.that.句型，应填that。答案：that,2有提示词的解题技巧有提示词题是指“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”这类题，它一般只考查谓语动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级、词类转化等四种情况。,给出了动词的试题要诀1首先，判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。然后按以下两点进行思考。若句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；若是谓语动词，就要考虑时态语态。,【例句1】His fear of failure_(keep)him from classroom games that other children played with joy.解析：因主语His fear of failure后没有别的谓语动词，需填的动词应为谓语动词；因主语与keep是主动关系，应用主动语态；由从句谓语动词played可知，要用一般过去时，故填kept。答案：kept,【例句2】That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation，_(close)my book and walked away.解析：虽然句中已有谓语动词declined，但由and walked可知，所填词与declined和walked是并列关系，所以也用一般过去时closed。答案：closed,【例句3】In Logan,three people_(take)to a hospital,while others were treated at a local clinic.解析：因主语three people与take是被动关系，即三个人被送进医院，故用被动语态；由were treated可知，要用一般过去时，故填were taken。答案：were taken,要诀2若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定用ing形式、ed形式，还是用不定式形式，确定的方法主要有：(1)作主语或宾语，通常用ing形式表示习惯或一般情况，用不定式表示具体的情况。,【例句1】.but it is not enough only_(memorize)rules from a grammar book.解析：因it是形式主语，后面用不定式作真正的主语，故填to memorize。答案：to memorize,【例句2】_(speak)out your inner feeling wont make you feel ashamed,on the contrary.解析：句中已有谓语wont make，所以speak应为非谓语动词；谓语前面应为主语，作主语，表示一般情况，要用动名词短语，故填speaking。答案：Speaking,(2)作目的状语或者在形容词后作状语，一般用不定式。如：【例句1】_(complete)the project as planned,well have to work two more hours a day.解析：因句中已有谓语will have to work，所以complete应为非谓语动词；因“(为了)按计划完成这项工程”是“我们每天不得不额外多工作两小时”的目的，作目的状语，用动词不定式，故填to complete。答案：To complete,【例句2】Some people say that oldest children,who are smart and strongwilled,are very likely_(succeed)解析：因在形容词likely后作状语，要用动词不定式，故填to succeed。答案：to succeed,(3)作伴随状语，常用分词，与逻辑主语是主动关系，用现在分词；是被动关系，用过去分词。【例句1】He saw the stone，_(say)to himself:“The night will be very dark.”解析：句中已有谓语saw，所给动词与saw不是并列关系，应当是非谓语动词；又因He与say是主动关系，故填saying作伴随状语。答案：saying,【例句2】The headmaster went into the lab，_(follow)by the foreign guests.解析：句中已有谓语went，而follow又不是与之并列的，故为非谓语动词；又因the headmaster与follow是被动关系，故用过去分词作伴随状语。答案：followed,【例句3】There will be a meeting，_(start)later this year to review the film.解析：因a meeting与start是主动关系，用现在分词短语作定语，补充说明a meeting，故填starting。答案：starting,【例句4】Lessons_(learn)in sports can help us in our dealing with other people.解析：因句中已有谓语can help，所以learn应为非谓语动词；又因lesson与learn是被动关系，要用过去分词短语作定语，故填learned。答案：learned,特别提醒：有时给出的动词可能既不是谓语动词也不是非谓语动词，而是要求词类转换。如：But Jane knew from past experience that her_(choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her father.解析：括号中所给词choose虽然是动词，但在句中作主语，且在形容词性物主代词后，应当填choose的名词形式choice。答案：choice,空格处的提示词为形容词、副词时，首先考虑比较级或最高级形式或者形容词的副词形式【解读】在语法填空中，对形容词、副词的考查主要是指对形容词、副词的比较级或最高级的考查，因此要特别注意一些形容词、副词的比较级或最高级的不规则形式，如well/goodbetterbest;badworseworst等。如果所给提示词为形容词，还要注意可能会用形容词的副词形式。,【例句1】Regardless of our dreams of thinking computers,there is a much_(great)and more immediate way to get our computers to work harder.解析：本题空格处所给提示词为形容词，因此考虑用形容词的比较级或最高级形式，结合下文的more可知此处应用比较级。答案：greater,【例句2】Now I just select the persons name from my address book and press the“call”key.A recent study claimed that peoples memories are getting_(bad)because they cant remember their friends phone numbers.解析：本题空格处所给提示词为形容词，因此考虑用形容词的比较级或者最高级形式，再结合语境可知，此处用比较级较妥。答案：worse,【例句3】The phrase“TV stoned”is used to describe a person who is_(complete)deaf and blind to everything but his favorite show on television.解析：本题空格处所给提示词为形容词，且位于形容词之前，据此推测答案应为副词，用来修饰形容词，该词的副词形式为completely。答案：completely,词类转换题根据该词在句子所作句子成分确定用哪种形式。(1)表语、定语或补语，通常用形容词形式。如：【例句1】In a_(danger)part of the sea off the coast of New Zealand,they learnt to.解析：在冠词与名词之间，要用形容词，作定语，故填dangerous。答案：dangerous,【例句2】Teachers must try their best to make most of their students_(interest)in the subject.解析：因所填词在句中作宾语most of their students的补足语，用形容词；表示“感兴趣的”，填interested。答案：interested,(2)作主语，或在及物动词或介词后作宾语，用名词形式。【例句1】When Chinas ancient scientific and technological_(achieve)are mentioned,the nation will generally refer to the Four Great Inventions.解析：在时间状语从句中，要求填的词作主语，Chinas ancient scientific and technological是主语的定语；作主语要用名词，又由are可知，主语是复数，故填achievements。答案：achievements,【例句2】These people have made great_(contribute)to China with their work.解析：在句中作及物动词have made的宾语，要用名词形式；表示作贡献，其前面没有不定冠词时，习惯上用复数，故填contributions。答案：contributions,【例句3】With the large numbers of students,the_(operate)of the system does involve a certain amount of activity.解析：在冠词后，要用名词，故填operation。答案：operation,(3)修饰动词、形容词、副词，或整个句子，作状语，用副词形式。如：【例句1】As I looked_(close)at this girl,I fount that.解析：修饰动词looked，作状语，用副词，故填closely。答案：closely,【例句2】There must be something_(serious)wrong with our society.解析：要求填的词修饰形容词wrong，作状语，用副词，故填seriously。答案：seriously,【例句3】Singles are flocking(涌向)to the Internet_(main)because their busy lifestyles leave them little time.解析：修饰because引导的原因状语从句，修饰整个句子，作状语，用副词，故填mainly。答案：mainly,(4)有可能是词义转换题，词类不一定要变，主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派生词，需根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系，在词根前加un,im等，在词根后加less等。如：【例句1】People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is,no knowledge is_(use)解析：作表语要用形容词；又由句意可知，作者是表达“没有什么知识是无用的”，故填useless。答案：useless,【例句2】Your mistake caused a lot of_(necessary)work in the office.解析：在名词前作定语，仍用形容词形式；但根据句意，“错误引起了许多不必要的麻烦事”，故填unnecessary。答案：unnecessary,1.无提示词空格2.有提示词空格所给动词的时态和语态非谓语身份确认所给形容词/副词的变形和级别分析句子成份，确定词形和词性,Summary,2014 课标卷II,One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about 1._(be)late for school.There were many people waiting at the bus stop,2._ some of them looked very anxious and 3._(disappoint).When the bus finally came,we all hurried on board.,being,and,disappointed,I got a place next 4._ the window,so I had a good view of the sidewalk.A boy on a bike 5._(catch)my attention.He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but he refused 6._(stop)until we reached the next stop.Still,the boy Kept 7._(ride).He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.,to,caught,to stop,riding,Finally,when we came to the next stop,the boy ran up to the door of the bus.I heard an excited conversation.Then the driver stood up and asked,“8._ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear!Its 9._(I).”She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully.Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done,and the crowd of strangers 10._(sudden)became friendly to one another.,Did,mine/me,suddenly,