环境水化学 绪论课件.ppt

Environmental Aquatic Chemistry,绪论（Introduction）,2,巢湖，2013,7,青海湖,课程目标,化学原理认识水环境 what、why 组成、形态、转化、效应定量平衡与动力学过程求解 how应用水处理与水环境修复,3,4,成绩评定,平时成绩30%：作业、参与课程、出勤小论文30%期末40%,5,参考书目,Brezonik P L,Arnold W A.Water Chemistry：An Introduction to the Chemistry of Natural and Engineered Aquatic Systems.Oxford University Press,New York,2011.（教材）Stumm W,Morgan J J.Aquatic Chemistry:Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Water(3ed).John Wiley&Sons,New York,1996.斯塔姆等，汤鸿霄等译。水化学。科学出版社，北京，1987。汤鸿霄。环境水化学纲要。环境科学丛刊，1988。陈静生。水环境化学。高等教育出版社，北京，1988。期刊论文等。,6,Werner Stumm,Ph.D,1952,inorganic chemistry,University ofZrich1953-1969,Harvard University1970-1992,Head of the Swiss Federal Water Resources Centre（EAWAG）,(1924-1999),7,8,Albert Einstein World Award of Science(1985)Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement(1986)-国际环境科学最高奖Stockholm Water Prize(1999)V.M.Goldschmidt Medal(1999)-美国地球化学学会最高奖,9,10,James J.Morgan,Marvin L.Goldberger Professor of EnvironmentalEngineering Science,EmeritusCalifornia Institute of Technology，美国工程院院士b.1932B.C.E.1954,Manhattan CollegeM.S.E.1956,University of MichiganM.A.1962 and Ph.D.1964,Harvard UniversityD.Sc.H.C.1989,Manhattan College,1966，Environmental Science and Technology 首任主编,11,Patrick L.Brezonik,Education:B.S.,1963,Chemistry,Marquette UniversityM.S.,1965,Water Chemistry,University of Wisconsin-MadisonPh.D.,1968,Water Chemistry,University of Wisconsin-MadisonExperience:Assistant,Associate,and Full Professor,Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences,University of Florida,1966-81Guest Professor,EAWAG-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology(ETH),Zurich,Switzerland,1971-72 and summer,1980Professor,Department of Civil Engineering,University of Minnesota,1981-2010.Program Director for Environmental Engineering,National Science Foundation,Arlington,VA,2004-2007,12,Research Interests(1)mercury biogeochemistry(2)applications of remote sensing(mainly satellite imagery)to evaluate lake quality(3)coupled biogeochemical cycles of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in urban and agricultural systems(4)small-scale nutrient cycling processes in soil-sediment-water systems.,其他相关课本,16,Franois M.M.MorelJanet G.Hering,Mark Benjamin（James O.Leckie-Stumm）,14,Hering,Benjamin,Leckie,Lee,Brezonik,Morel,Morgan,Stumm,15,环境水化学研究圣地,瑞士联邦水质科学技术研究所EAWAG,16,EAWAG主要研究领域,Firmly anchored in its home country of Switzerland,but with a global network,Eawag is concerned with concepts and technologies for dealing sustainably with water bodies and with water as a resource.In collaboration with universities,other research institutions,public bodies,industry and non-governmental organisations,Eawag works to harmonise ecological,economic and social interests in respect of water usage.The Institute thus serves as a bridge between the scientific world and the real world.,17,18,污水厂升级改造,河岸过滤与供水,19,环境水化学发展历程,萌芽期（1960年以前）：从属地位转折与发展（1961-1970年）。Silln The Physical Chemistry of Seawater，学科自身学术价值 平衡观点、Geotitration、speciationStumm（哈佛）和Lee（威斯康辛）热力学与动力学学科建立。1970,Stumm&Morgan,Aquatic Chemistry,20,21,名字由来,1925，Water,Sewage,and Sanitation Chemistry1958，Water,Air,and Waste Chemistry1973，Environmental Chemistry1962，Lee 科研项目water chemistry1965，会议Principles and Applications of Water Chemistry1967，Stumm Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Waters1970，Aquatic chemistry:An introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in natural waters,22,Stumm设想,Aquatic Chemistry的两条研究路线：欧美院系开展water treatment chemistryScandinavia院系和USGS开展hydrochemistry,23,what he wanted to do,and what we discussed,was to try to blendgive a sense of the unity of applications of chemistry to environmental problems,whether it was a lake,groundwater,an estuary,a river,or a treatment plant.And the argument we made was that aquatic systems,whether theyre engineered or natural,are going to be guided by very much the same core body of principles:acid/base chemistry,solubility,precipitation,electron transfer,complex formation.And the choice of“aquatic chemistry”as a title was not a frivolous（轻率的）choice;it was an attempt to say,“This is what were going to embrace.Were going to embrace the chemistry of the aquatic environment whether its contained in a treatment plant or whether its out there.”-Morgan JJ口述（P73）,24,概念讨论,Water Chemistry&Aquatic Chemistry 水环境化学与环境水化学环境水质学,25,Aquatic Environmental ChemistryEnvironmental Aquatic ChemistryAqueous Environmental ChemistryEnvironmental Aqueous GeochemistryEnvironmental Water ChemistryWater Environmental Chemistry,26,本课程主要内容,酸-碱平衡沉淀-溶解配位化学氧化还原反应表面化学与吸附水体颗粒物水体光解反应水体有机污染物,27,专题讨论,VMINEQL软件金属离子形态与生物有效性天然有机质（NOM）沉积物质量营养元素（N、P）循环,28,环境水化学的学科地位,Environ.Sci.Technol.2012,46,56505657,HOW HAS WATER CHEMISTRY CHANGED OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS,environmental quality and pollution issues that had a chemical focus advances in scientific approaches and Technologyadvances within the field that led to new areas or ways to study existing areas,29,30,31,32,Anal.Chem.2011,83,46144648,一些持续的主题,the chemical behavior of nutrients and trace metals kinetics of iron and manganese redox Reactionsthe chemical nature and behavior of NOM,33,34,Environ.Sci.Technol.2013,47,11881189,Environ.Sci.Technol.2011,45,31963201,published 2013,Environ.Sci.Technol.2013,47,1207312080,35,天然水体组成,常用浓度单位,摩尔浓度molarity，mol/L or M(but never M/L)质量摩尔浓度molality(m)当量normality(N或eq/L)碱度Alkalinitymg/L as N or P(or mg N/L;mg P/L)OCl(mg/L as Cl)=mM of OCl 2 35.45,36,Sources of major and minor ions,Natural：terrestrial and atmospheric weathering reactions of rocks,minerals,soils atmospheric transport：marine aerosolsHuman derived,37,风化,38,钠长石,Acid-base titration,Human activities,39,40,天然水的化学组成模型,41,Gibbs模型,42,大气沉降,岩石风化,化学计量学模型,43,水化学组成的图示法,44,A、B两点各值多少？若A、B混合，其混合后值？,45,A,B,46,人类活动改变水体组成,Ca2+转Na+Cl-优于HCO3-SO42-增加,Environ.Sci.Technol.2013,为什么？,“anthropogenic dominance”,47,48,水体污染类型演变,50,常规污水厂难以去除痕量有机有毒物质,污水厂下游,在污水厂下游1km仍能检测到抗药基因,51,Environ.Sci.Technol.2014,48,76837689,52,