新概念英语第二册第四单元ppt课件.pptx

新概念英语第二册 第四单元检测题答案,复合句,1 He missed the train.He did not hurry.(because)He missed the train because he did not hurry.2 He ran fast.He failed to win the race.(Although)Although he ran fast,he failed to win the race.3 I was tired.I went to sleep immediately.(sothat)I was so tired that I went to sleep immediately.,4 My neighbour went to Tokyo for a holiday.He could not return home.He did not have enough money.(whobecause)My neighbour,who went to Tokyo for a holiday,could not return home because he did not have enough money.5 I found the door unlocked.I went into the kitchen.(Finding)Finding the door unlocked,I went into the kitchen.,6 I bought a picture.It was very valuable.(which)I bought a picture which was very valuable.7 He walked quietly down the corridorkrd走廊.He did not want anyone to hear him.(so that)He walked quietly down the corridor so that no one to hear him.8 They cleared the ground.They wanted to build a house.(to)They cleared the ground to build a house.,so that“以便，为了”，引导一个表示目的的状语从句，此时可与 in order that 换用；从句谓语中常用情态动词 may/might,can/could,should,would 等；主从句间连接紧凑，没有逗号相隔。例：My old father began to study computer at the age of sixty so that(=in order that)he might keep up with times.父亲六十岁时才开始学习电脑，以便跟上时代。I spend more time learning English every day so that(=in order that)I can make greater progress this year.为了今年取得更大进步，我每天用了更多的时间学英语。,非限制性定语从句也是定语从句的一种，在高中语法知识中它也是非常重要的一项的，老师们对于非限定性定语从句的讲解也是非常重视的。因为在考试中经常会出现该从句的讲解，下面大家就跟随小编一起来了解该从句的讲解。说到非限定性定语从句的讲解，还要分成不同的部分，首先大家要知道就得就是该从句的作用是什么。其实它在句子中是一个独立的成分，不会受到主句的限制，把从句去掉之后，主句仍然是成立的。这也是为什么它会叫做非限定性定语从句。其次，大家要了解该从句的形式：非限制性定语从句与先行词以及主句之间的关系不甚紧密，因而通常要用逗号与主句分隔开。例如：,Have you seen the film Titanic,whose leading actor is world famous?你看过“泰坦尼克号”这部电影吗?它的男主演可是世界闻名的。My friend,who has served on the International Olympic Committee all his life,is retiring next month.我有位朋友，他一辈子服务于国际奥林匹克委员会，下个月就要退休了。在非限制性定语从句也分成不同的种类，在不同情况下，该从句的使用方法也是不一样的，在考试中经常会考察大家对于该从句不同类型的运用。如果大家不能很好的掌握这些用法，在考试的时候就一定会丢分了，下面就是关于该从句不同类型的介绍：,(1)who引导的非限制性定语从句Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。,(2)whom引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：Peter,whom you met in London,is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。,(3)whose引导的非限制性定语从句whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：The boy,whose father is an engineer,studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。,(4)which引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。,which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。She is an artist，which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。which指代主句中的形容词。如：She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。She is always careless，which we should not be.她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。,which指代主句中的某个从句。如：He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。which指代整个主句。如：In the presence of so many people he was little tense,which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术。When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping.他经常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。(5)when引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。如：He will put off the picnic until May 1st,when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。(6)where引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。如：They went to London，where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。They reached there yesterday,where a negotiation of sale will be held.他们昨天抵达那里,有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。(7)as引导的非限制性定语从句,as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明但通常用于像as we allaknow,as it is know,as is know to all,as it is,as is said above,as always mentioned above,as is usual,as is often the case,as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如，就像”之意。如：As it known to the United States,Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。(as在从句中作主语)He forgot to bring his pen with him,as was often the case.他忘了带笔，这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)He is absorbed in work,as he often was.他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。(as在从句中作表语)Boy as he was，he was chosen king.他虽是孩子，却被选为国王。(as在从句中作表语)as we all know,the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。(as在从句中作宾语)The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。(as在从句中作主语)Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语),(8)“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved.他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。They thanked Tom，without whose support they would not have succeeded.这些邻居是北京来的，昨天我被介绍同他们认识了。(9)“名词/代词+of+which/whom”引导的非限制性定语从句It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。Light is the fast thing in the world,the speed of which is 300.000 kilometeThere are 30 chairs in the small hall,most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。he textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women.这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。,通过对该从句的讲解，大家可以看出，它的种类真的是非常多，不同的词语引导的从句用法都是不同的，大家要学会区分不同用法所表示的含义。虽然该从句在选择题中考察的非常多，但是大家在阅读题中也会看见这样的从句，所以说，大家学习语法知识并不只是为了语法的题目，它对于大家整个英语水平的提升都是非常有帮助的。除此之外大家还要注意一些非限制性定语从句引导词的特殊情况：1.非限制性定语从句不可用that引导，在非限制性定语从句中用who(作主语)/whom(作宾语)指人，用which(作主语/宾语)指物，用whose作定语(指人/物)。例如：The famous basketball star,who tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention.这位试图打反击的著名篮球明星吸引了众人的关注。The film,whose director is an old man,is very instructive.这部电影很有教育意义，它的导演是位老人。2.关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可省略，若指人时，只用whom，不用who。例如：York,which I visited last year,is a nice old city.我去年访问过的约克是个古老而美丽的城市。Please give the book to Jessica,whom we met in the hall just now.请把这本书交给杰西卡，就是刚才我们在大厅里遇到的那位。3.非限制性定语从句不可用why引导，需用for which替代why。例如：None of us accepted the reason he explained,for which he was absent.我们没有一个人接受他所解释的缺席的理由。,限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that,which,whom,who,whose以及关系副词when,where等，没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开，表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。例句：Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?Where is the book which I bought this morning?非限制性定语从句：作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释，和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开，用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that做修饰词。例句：This letter is from his parents,who are working in Tibet.Englishi is an important subject,which every students should study well.The building,in front of which sat a boy,was a school.,一、定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。,二、从形式上看，限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连，两者没有停顿；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。从意义上讲，限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，两者密不可分；而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明，两者关系不那么紧密。由于两种定语从句存在着这些区别，一般来说，限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行词，非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。通常对定语从句处理如下：（1）限制性定语从句译成前置定语 These neighborhoods frequently recreate much of the culture and the values of the nationality that makes up the majority of the population.这些居民区经常再现构成大多数居民的大量民族文化和价值观念。（2）非限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句 In almost all developing countries,economic development depends upon growth in export trade,which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards.几乎所有的发展中国家经济的发展都依赖于出口贸易的增长，而出口的增长又有助于创造更多的就业机会和提高人民的生活水平。但是，有时候因为意思上的关系，或者出于汉语句子结构上的考虑，要把限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句，而把非限制性定语从句译成前置定语。（3）限制性定语从句译成后置的并列从句 Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and ends in November.每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛，每个赛季九月份开始，十一月份结束。（4）非限制性定语从句译成前置定语 He appeared to be returning home from a walk,for his buckle shoes,which followed a fashion long since out of date,were covered with dust.他好象是散步之后回家去，因为他那早已过时的扣鞋上布满了灰尘。（5）有的定语从句，从意义上看实际相当于一个状语从句，表示原因，目的，结果，让步等关系。这样的定语从句应译出汉语的偏正复句，但是要加上相应的连接词以表明其与主句的关系。Norway is,quite naturally,paying great attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community,which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world.挪威自然十分关切欧洲和大西洋国家的发展，因为这些发展大大有助于维护世界上我们这一地区的和平和安全 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。,二、从形式上看，限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连，两者没有停顿；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。从意义上讲，限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，两者密不可分；而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明，两者关系不那么紧密。由于两种定语从句存在着这些区别，一般来说，限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行词，非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。通常对定语从句处理如下：（1）限制性定语从句译成前置定语 These neighborhoods frequently recreate much of the culture and the values of the nationality that makes up the majority of the population.这些居民区经常再现构成大多数居民的大量民族文化和价值观念。（2）非限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句 In almost all developing countries,economic development depends upon growth in export trade,which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards.几乎所有的发展中国家经济的发展都依赖于出口贸易的增长，而出口的增长又有助于创造更多的就业机会和提高人民的生活水平。但是，有时候因为意思上的关系，或者出于汉语句子结构上的考虑，要把限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句，而把非限制性定语从句译成前置定语。（3）限制性定语从句译成后置的并列从句 Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and ends in November.每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛，每个赛季九月份开始，十一月份结束。（4）非限制性定语从句译成前置定语 He appeared to be returning home from a walk,for his buckle shoes,which followed a fashion long since out of date,were covered with dust.他好象是散步之后回家去，因为他那早已过时的扣鞋上布满了灰尘。（5）有的定语从句，从意义上看实际相当于一个状语从句，表示原因，目的，结果，让步等关系。这样的定语从句应译出汉语的偏正复句，但是要加上相应的连接词以表明其与主句的关系。Norway is,quite naturally,paying great attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community,which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world.挪威自然十分关切欧洲和大西洋国家的发展，因为这些发展大大有助于维护世界上我们这一地区的和平和安全 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。三、下面是些例题，你做做看。,一、that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。如：【考例一】She heard the terrible noise,_brought her heart into her mouth.A.it B.which C.this D.that【解析】选B。后半句为非限制性定语从句，尽管先行词noise属于事物，也不能用that而要用which来引导。which指代noise，在从句中作主语。二、除which外，还可用when，where，whose，whom等引导非限制性定语从句，且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句时相同。如：Next month,when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown,is approaching.下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。(关系副词when指代表示时间的名词next month，并作从句的状语。)She is going to live in Macao,where she has some close friends.她要到澳门去居住，在那里她有几个密友。(关系副词where指代表示地点的名词Macao，并在从句中作状语。)【考例二】Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,_was very reasonable.A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose,【解析】选B。whose在从句中作表示所属关系的定语，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物时，常可转换为of which；指人时常可转换为of whom。【考例三】In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm,_many people have gone home.A.whose time B.that C.on which D.by which time【解析】先行词5:30 pm与time之间是一种同位关系，可用which来作定语替代。从句中的完成状态，常与by短语连用。故选D。三、在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。如：He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother,whom he loved as his own mother.他迫切地想到医院去看望他的继母，他把继母当自己的亲妈妈一样爱戴。四、非限制性定语从句的关系代词which，既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。如：【考例四】Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,of course,_made the others unhappy.A.who B.which C.this D.what【解析】选B。指代“Dorothy总是高度评价自己在那场戏中所担任的角色”的整个事件。,【考例五】Carol said the work would be done by October,_personally I doubt very much.A.it B.that C.when D.which【解析】表示时间的名词October，用“我个人非常怀疑”来修饰，意思不通。应该修饰整个主句，表示对“Carol说在十月前能做好这项工作”怀疑。故选D。五、引导非限制性定语从句时as和which的差异：从句置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导，而置于句末时，两者都可以使用。如：【考例六】_is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It B.As C.That D.What【解析】逗号表明为非限制性定语从句。选B。【考例七】_is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.A.Which B.As C.That D.It【解析】答案为B。与考例六同理。,B CompositionWrite two or three sentences using the ideas given below.,A workman was digging in a field-struck a 6000-volt electricity电力电流cable电缆with his spade铁锹-was thrown twenty feet-unhurt-town was in darkness-no one knew what had happened.,One day,a workman was digging in a field.Accidentally意外地he struck a 6000-volt electricity cable with his spade.Although he was thrown twenty feet far,Luckily,he was unhurt.However the whole town was in darkness and no one knew what had happened.,C Verbsa These things always happen.现在进行时和一般现在时,Lets eat here,I said to my wife.I d(would)prefer(prefer)to have a drink first,she answered.Thats a good idea,I said.I picked up the menu菜单.I dont understand(not understand)a thing,I said.Its all in Spanish.It doesnt matter(not matter),said my wife.What does that word mean(mean)?I asked.I dont know(not know),she answered.We called the waiter and pointed to the word on the menu.Two,I said,holding up举起two fingers.After some time,my wife said suddenly,Look!He is bringing(bring)us two boiled eggs!,一般过去时,My friend,Hugh,hju:has always been fat,but things got(get)so bad recently that he decided(decide)to go on a diet.He began(begin)his diet a week ago.First of all,he wrote(write)out a long list of all the food which were forbidden.This list included(include)most of the things Hugh loves.Yesterday I paid(pay)him a visit.I rang(ring)the bell and was not surprised(not surprise)to see that Hugh was still as fat as ever.He led(lead)me into his room and hurriedly hid(hide)a large parcel under his desk.It was obvious that he was embarrassed(embarrass).很尴尬,一般过去时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时,Jack looked(look)at his watch for the twentieth time.Suddenly Jill arrived(arrive).I have been waiting(wait)for over an hour,he said(say)angrily.You never come on time.Oh,is that so?Jill answered(answer).Were(Be)you here at 2.30?Jack went(go)red.Well,he said(say),I got(get)here five minutes late myself,but you werent(not be)here.I came(come)here at exactly 2.30,Jill said(say)and I waited(wait)for five minutes,but you did not come(not come).What have you been doing(do)since then?Jack asked(ask)I just have been(be)to the hairdressers,Jill answered(answer)brightly.,过去进行时。一般过去时和表示过去的习惯性动作,Give the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.Use would in place of used to where possible.可能的情况下，用would代替used to.Dreams of finding lost treasure almost came(come)true recently.A new machine called The Revealer has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground.The machine was used(use)in a cave near the seashore whereit is said-pirates used to hide(hide)gold.The pirates would often bury/often buried(bury)gold in the cave and the