考研英语长难句阅读100句ppt课件.ppt

,长难句阅读与翻译,在表达一些较复杂的概念时，英、汉两种语言差别较大。英语的特点是：利用各种修饰语，构成较长的简单句，利用适当的连词将简单句构成更长的并列句或复合句，因此科技英语中常使用长句子。汉语的特点是：尽量分成几个简短的句子来说明某个概念，不经常使用较长的句子。汉语：中心词在后 英语：中心词在前,解决方法：从结构入手,五大基本句型：主+谓 I simled.主+谓+宾 I like you.主+谓+间宾+直宾 I give you my heart.主+谓+宾+宾补 You make me crazy.主+系+表 You are so pretty.,我们在分析句子的时候，先抓住句子的主干，就可以掌握本句的主要意思。然后再去分析其他的修饰成分，修饰成分包含：定语、状语、补语，以及插入语。Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.参考译文：多年以来，本身作为一个根本革新源泉的工具和技术 在很大程度上已经被历史学家和科学哲学家所忽视。,一、定语及定语从句,定语从句功能及位置功能：定语从句相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。例：Those who are willing to attend the party,sign your names here please.,语法回顾,定语：左二右六左二：限定词 和形容词右六：介短、不定式短语、分词短语、形容词短语、定语从句、同位语从句The boyThe cute boyThe cute boy in blue jeans is my brotherThe cute boy wearing blue jeansThe cute boy who is wearing blue jeans,一、定语及定语从句,引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where,when,why,how等。关系词常有3个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句。代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。在定语从句中充当一句子成分。,what,定语从句不用what引导，名词性从句用what引导 定语从句缺主语或宾语用which（先行词为物）名词性从句缺主语或宾语用what 即：【1】做疑问词，what是指“什么”例如：Whats your name?，which是指“哪一个物体”Which pen do you want.。【2】which一般可做定语从句连接词，例如：This is the pen which I want.what一般可做名词性从句的引导词。例如：What you said is true.,定语的翻译方法,（一）前置定语直来直去ordinary things 普通的东西（事物）形容词作定语scientific revolution 科技革命，形容词作定语Driving force 驱动力 现在分词作定语,（二）后置定语,1.简单的后置定语倒转乾坤the information used 所使用的信息the qualities to be measured 所要测定的特征。2.复杂的后置定语一拆为二当一个单词或是词组的后置定语的意义和结构较为复杂的时候，我们把它倒置放在被修饰的单词或是词组的前面显得过于臃肿，这时我们就要考虑把后置定语拆开单独翻译，这种方法我们称之为：一拆为二,复杂的后置定语一拆为二,Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.其中一些原因完全是社会需求的必然结果，其它原因则是科学领域当中一些特定发展的必然结果，科学在某种程度上是自我发展的。,3.多重后置定语后浪推前浪,the insights of great men of geniusthe evidence from experience concerning comparative validity part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.典型特征：A（中心词）+介词（of）+B+介词（of）+C+.天才伟人的真知灼见有关相对合法性的经验证据义务与权利相交换的部分,定语从句的翻译技巧：,一是限制性定语从句，一类是非限定性定语从句,（一）前置法,当一个限定性定语从句结构和意义较为简单，或是较为简短时，我们把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组,放置于被修饰的词之前,将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。I have a pen which is black.,But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look in the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。,（二）单独成句,当一个限定性定语从句的结构较为复杂，意义较为繁杂的时候，如果把它翻译在其修饰的先行词的前面的话，会显得定语太过于臃肿和复杂，而无法让评卷老师看的清清楚楚，明明白白。所以这个时候我们要把定语从句单独翻译出来,放置于原来它所修饰的词的后面当定语。,The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为语言结构与思维过程有着某种关系，这种观点在人们认识到语言的千差万别之前就在欧洲扎了根。,（三）融合法,把主句和定语从句融合成一个简单句，定语从句译成谓语。这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句，尤其是“there be”句型中。There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有个女孩要见你。There are many people who are interested in the new invention.很多人对这项发明感兴趣。,小节：定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，当一个限定性那个定语从句结构和意义都将为简洁是，我们把它翻译成“的”放在先行词的前面，当一个限定性定语从句结构和意义都较为繁琐时，或者这个定语从句是非限定性定语从句的时候，我们通常要单独成句，这时大多时候需要重复先行词。有时，定语从句与主句之间有着特点的逻辑关系，比如转折，比如因果比如递进，我们翻译的时候也要注意把这种逻辑关系翻译出来。,状语和状语从句,状语从句（Adverbial Clause）状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。,状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如：1.Naturally,our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call.(副词)2.We worked hard,from sunrise to sunset.(介词状短语)3.To help my disabled aunt,I spend an hour working in her house every day.(不定式)4.Seen from a distance,the farmhouse looked deserted.(过去分词)5.I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before.（原因状语从句）状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。,状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词,1 时间状语从句常用引导词：when,as,while,as soon as,before,after,since,till,until 特殊引导词：the minute,the moment,the second,every time,the day，the instant,immediately,directly,no sooner than,hardly when,scarcely when,2 地点状语从句,常用引导词：where 特殊引导词：wherever,anywhere,everywhere,3 原因状语从句,常用引导词：because,since,as,for 特殊引导词：seeing that,now that,in that,considering that,given that.,4 目的状语从句,常用引导词：so that,in order that 特殊引导词：lest,in case,for fear that，in the hope that,for the purpose that,to the end that,5 结果状语从句,常用引导词：so that,such that,特殊引导词：such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that,6 条件状语从句,常用引导词：if,unless,特殊引导词：as/so long as,only if,providing/provided that,supposing that,in case that,on condition that,7 让步状语从句,常用引导词：though,although,even if,even though 特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while(一般用在句首)，no matter，in spite of the fact that,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever Much as I respect him,I cant agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。,8 比较状语从句,常用引导词：as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：the more the more;just as，so;A is to B what/as X is to Y;no more than;not A so much as B,9 方式状语从句,常用引导词：as,as if,how 特殊引导词：the way When in Rome,do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.,状语和状语从句,（一）原则：前置时间状语结构，方式状语结构，地点状语结构 翻译在主语之后，动词之前Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.社会科学是（知识/智力/智能）（探索/探究/探寻）的一个分支，它（力图/试图/致力于/寻求）像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用（理性的/推理的）、（有序的/有规律的/有条理的/有秩序的）、系统的和（冷静的/不带感情（色彩）的/客观的/不受情绪影响的）（方式/方法）研究人类及其行为。,（二）状语从句的翻译1、让步状语从句前置Consumers seem only concerned,not panicked,and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects,even as they do some modest(有节制的)belt-tightening.消费者看上去只是有点担心而没有恐慌，很多消费者尽管正在收缩开支，但是他们对经济的长期前景仍然保持乐观。,2、时间状语从句前置,However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,their behavior became markedly different.然而，当两只猴子放置于隔开但是相邻的房间时，他们可以互相观察对方用岩石能换到什么东西，这样他们的行为开始变得明显不同了。,3、条件状语从句前置,Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。,4、方式状语从句前置,New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.新的思维方式和新的思维内容将来一定会出现，正如他们过去已经出现过一样，从而给完美以新的标准。或：像过去一样，将来一定会出现新的思维方式和新的思维内容，从而给完美以新的标准。,5、原因状语从句,The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.其中的观点是：人们之所以没有察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化，原因是他们过去一直考察的时间只是过去的一个相对较短的时间段。,结果状语从句,The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.这些新近被描述的语言与欧洲和东南亚那些已经得到很好研究的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir捏造了数据。,主语从句和宾语从句、表语从句,均不需要改变顺序,简单句的基本结构,1、主语+谓语Things change.2、主语+系动词+表语Trees are green3、主语+谓语+宾语We dont beat children.4、主语+谓语+直接宾语 间接宾语He bought his wife a ring,5、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语I found the book easy.Shell let me go.I heard the baby crying.,复合句：先抓住句子的主句，再看看有没有什么从句：包含状语从句，定语从句，名词性从句这三种从句,在阅读理解之前常采用下列语法分析步骤：通读全句以确定句子种类一一简单句、并列句、复合句如为简单旬，则应先分析出主、谓、宾、表语（主要成分），再分析定语、状语等（次要成分），并弄清主次成分之间的关系，同时注意时态、语气和语态等如为复合句，则应先找出主句，再确定从句及其性质对于各从句，则分别按简单句分析,第一步：仔细阅读，划分结构第二步：推敲词义，理顺关系第三步：顺理成章，组合成文第四部：仔细核对，确保高分,拆分方法,根据语法：1、拆出主句、分清分句2、拆除主干、分清修饰6个拆分点1、连词 2、引导词 3、介词 4、分词、5、不定式、6、标点,翻译组合四个原则原则一：主干结构顺线走（主谓宾，主系表等结构顺序不能变）原则二：定语状语往前勾（后置定语多前置，定语从句有特例，结果状语也特例）原则三：前因后果多主动（符合汉语的习惯）原则四：名词从句依序翻（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）,主语+系动词+表语,系动词无具体动作，表语来说明主语的特点和性质的。系动词分类1、表示主语特征、状态：表示“起来”，有feel,look，smell,sound,taste，seem，appear。He looks honest,but actually hes a rogue.,2、表示主语由一种状态转变为另一种状态这样的系词有become，grow，turn，fall，get，go，come，run.He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了.go 与come的区别3、表示主语保持某种状态Continute、keep，rest，remain，stay，lie，stand，holdHe always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。,4、近似于不及物动词的系词Sit,act,arrive,blush,marry,die,和be born,哪个是系词,Lei Feng died young.Lei Feng worked hard.Dont act stupid.Dont act stupidly.别装傻别笨手笨脚,简单句叠加成复杂难句,1、Vitamins are organic compounds.维生素是一种有机化合物2、Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth of life.（+形容词短语）维生素是一种生命正常生长所必不可少的有机化合物。3、Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.（+形容词短语）维生素是一种有机化合物，它是动物（包括人类）正常生长和生命延续所必不可少的。,Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.（+形容词短语）维生素是一种有机化合物，尽管它在饮食中含量很少，但却是动物（包括人类）正常生长和生命延续所必不可少的。,主语+谓语,1、This trend began during the Second World War.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间。2、This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to this conclusion.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出这样的结论。3、This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出这样的结论,即具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。That 引导同位语从句。,4、This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出这样的结论,即政府想向科研机构提出具体要求，这种要求通常是无法详尽预见的。,主语+谓语+宾语,1、The emphasis helped to obscure the great importance.这种强调模糊了这一重要性。2、The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen helped to obscure the great importance.学者和政治家们的这种强调模糊了这一重要性。,3、The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance.学者和政治家们强调美国边疆消失的假设，它模糊了这一重要性。4、The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade.学者和政治家们强调美国边疆消失的假设，它模糊了国际贸易的条件和后果这一重要性。conditions and consequences并列,5、The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.学者和政治家们强调美国边疆消失的假设，它模糊了在19世纪后半期发生在国际贸易的条件和后果两方面变化的巨大作用。,主语+谓语+间接or直接宾语,1、Her work won her the Nobel Prize in 1983.她的工作使她赢得了1983年的诺贝尔奖2、Her work in genetics won United States scientist Barbara McClintock her the Nobel Prize in 1983芭芭拉.麦克考林托克在遗传领域的研究成果，使她赢得了1983年的诺贝尔奖,主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,常见带复合宾语的动词有：Appoint，believe，call，choose，consider，declare，elect，feel，find，keep，leave，let，make,name,nominate(提名,指派,登记赛马参加比),prove,see,suppose,vote,1、Willa Cather considered this novel her best work2、Willa Cather considered her novel of life in nineteenth century Nebraska,My Antonia her best work,英语长句的阅读方法概括起来有三种：顺译法、倒译法和分译法、重组法、综合法,Study show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know that truth about their condition,and that informing them risks destroying their hope,so that they may recover more slowly,or deteriorate faster,perhaps even commit suicide.(46个单词)研究结果表明，大多数医生深信身患重病的人不想知道自己的真实病情，如果将实情告诉他们，有可能使他们完全失去希望，从而导致身体恢复地更慢或病情恶化地更快，甚至会自寻短见。,顺译法,英语长句的叙述层次与汉语相同时，可以彼照英语原文的顺序，依次译出。,要从这样的煤气或天然存在的烃类气体中除去有害物质硫化氢，就要用能吸收硫化氢的各种碱性溶液来洗涤,倒译法（变序译法）,有时英语长句的叙述层次与汉语相反。翻译时，应根拐汉语习惯，改变原文语序，进行翻译这种译法为倒译法又称变序译法。倒译法常在下列的情况下采用：主句后面带有很长的状语（特别是原因状语或方 式状语）或状语从句（特别是原因、条件、让步状语从句）；或主句后面有很长的定语或定语从。或宾语从句，按汉语习惯应译在主句之前时。,Halfway across the room,a small pistol in his hand,stood a man.,分译法,