考研英语辅导ppt课件.ppt

Translation(E/C),Translation Skills(II),Contents,否定结构,英语中的否定有多种形式，在翻译中要特别注意句中的否定是完全否定、部分否定还是双重否定，或观察其是否存在否定转移的现象。,否定转移,否定转移即形式上否定A而意义上却否定B的情况。下列动词允许否定转移：表示看法:anticipate;believe;calculate;expect;figure;imagine;reckon;suppose;think表示感觉：appear;seem;feel like;look like;sound likeShe didnt imagine that we would say anything.It doesnt look like it is going to rain.,否定转移,否定句中如含有不定式作目的状语、when引导的时间状语从句、because引导的原因状语从句或as引导的比较状语从句等，一旦按正常语序理解产生了歧义，则要联想到否定转移的情形。She didnt marry him because he was of a noble origin.她不是由于他出身高贵才嫁给他的。,部分否定和完全否定,all/both/every-+not=部分否定any/either/any-+not=完全否定none/neither/no-=完全否定注：every-:everybody,everything,everywhereany-:anyone,anything,anywhere,anybodayno-:nobody,nothing,nowhere,部分否定和完全否定,I do not like both of the books.这两本书我并不都喜欢。None of the guests arrived on time.Not all guests arrived on time.,英语语态,翻译试题大部分节选自科技文摘，选用的文章多是正式文体。此类文章的特点之一是被动语态的广泛使用，因为：被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩，科技论著注重客观事实，正需要这种特性；被动语态更能突出主要论证、说明对象，引人注目；在很多情况下被动结构比主动结构更简短。如何掌握被动式的翻译技巧就成了成功应付考研中翻译试题的一个基本点与关键点。,汉语语态,汉语虽然也有被动语态，但使用范围有限得多。除非要强调被动意义，英语中大部分的被动句都可以译为汉语的主动句。汉语的主动句有的在逻辑上是被动句，如“作业做完了”。此外，汉语本身也有一些表示被动的语言手段可以加以利用，如“受、叫、让、遭、由、为、加以、使”等。,翻译方法,译成主动形式,保留被动形式,灵活处理,译成主动形式,主语主语被动句,主语宾语判断句(带表语的主动句);添加主语的主动句,原 文,译 文,主语主语,Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily;only a few questions of secondary importance remain to be discussed.大部分问题已经圆满地解决了，只剩下几个次要的问题需要讨论。,主语宾语,New sources of energy must be found(1991)必须找到新的能源,Additional International Standards may be added to the series in the future.将来还可能对本系列标准增加若干项国际标准。,无主句,被动句带表语的主动句,Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.彩虹是阳光透过天空中的小水滴时形成的。,“是由”、“是因”,被动句添加主语的主动句,It is expected that人们希望,外加泛指人称代词“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等,保留被动形式,被动句,“被、给”“(遭)受”“由、为所、把、使”,原 文,译 文,保留被动形式,Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.(1994)多年来，工具和技术自身作为根本性革新的源泉，在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学哲学家们所忽视了。,灵活处理,And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes，and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.(1993)许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相提并论，并认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。,常见被动结构的翻译,It is(unanimously)agreed that.人们(一致)同意It is alleged that据称It is argued that有人主张It is asserted that有人断言；有人主张It is assumed that假定It is claimed that有人声称；有人认为It is(generally)considered that.大家(普遍)认为It is demonstrated that已经证明，文(图)中表明It is(roughly)estimated that.据(粗略)估计It is found that据发现；人们认为It is hoped/still to be hoped that(我们)希望/仍希望,常见被动结构的翻译,It is imagined that.人们认为It is mentioned that据说It is noticed/noted that人们注意到/前面已经指出It is proposed that有人提议(指出)It is recommended that有人推荐It is regarded that人们认为It is rumored that据传It is(officially)reported that.据(官方)报道It is(always)stressed that.人们(总是)强调It is suggested that.有人建议It is supposed that据推测；假定,常见被动结构的翻译,It is universally accepted that普遍认为It is to be discussed that需要讨论的是It has been found that.实践证明It has been illustrated that.据说明；据图示；图中表示It has been proved that已经证明It can be said without exaggeration that可以毫不夸张地说It cannot be denied that.不可否认It must be admitted that.必须承认It must be pointed out that.必须指出It will be seen from this that.由此可知It should be realized that.必须认识到,从句,名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句,名词性从句,主语从句,同位语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和表语从句的理解和中文语序的理解大致相同，因此在英译汉时，它无需作太大的调整，大多数可按原文的语序翻译成对应的汉语。,主语从句,That progress helps to relieve scarcities is a fact accepted by all economists.经济的发展有助于缓解物质的匮乏，这是所有经济学家都承认的事实。,It is a strange thought,but,I believe,a correct one that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down,or even destroying it.二三十页的情报信息会让当今世界天翻地覆，甚至毁灭这个世界。这是个离奇的想法，但我认为也是个正确的想法。,主语从句后置翻译,有些句子虽然采取主语从句后置，翻译时并不需要作语序调整。It is likely that可能It is obvious/apparent that 显然It is strange that 奇怪的是It is true that 诚然It is a fact that 事实是It is a mystery that 让人不解的是It is a pity that 遗憾的是It is a surprise that 令人惊讶的是It is no wander that 难怪；不足为奇的是It occurred to me that 我突然想起It turned out that 结果是,同位语从句,同位语从句本质上是对前面名词的内容解释，因此其前面的名词通常具有一定的内容性，具体可参见下列名词：,answerbeliefconclusiondecisiondiscoverydoubtevidencefact,hopeideainformationnewsopinionorderpossibilityprinciple,problempromisereportrumorstatementsuggestionthoughttruth,同位语从句,常规翻译,结构简单：将同位语从句视为名词的修饰语进行前置结构复杂：增加某些具有解释性的表达或标点符号，如“即”、“就是”或冒号、破折号等,为使句式结构得到平衡，有时同位语从句与所解释的名词之间会被别的句子成分分隔开。这时应灵活运用前述两种方法。,同位语从句分裂翻译,为了使句式结构得到平衡，有时同位语从句与所解释的名词之间会被别的句子成分分隔开。这时应灵活运用上述两种方法。When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma was spotted forty-five miles south of London,they were not taken seriously.有人报告说在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只野生美洲狮。但当这些报告传到伦敦动物园时，它们并未被认真对待。,常用于同位语从句的结构,on condition that 以为条件on the supposition that 以为假设；基于on the ground(s)that 原因是；根据with the exception that 除了in spite of the fact that 尽管事实是on the understanding that 条件是on the assumption that 基于的假设,Thank You!,