涉海英语理科卷第二单元解析ppt课件.ppt

,Unit 2 Why Is the Ocean Less Green?,Vocabulary StudyA.respiration deficientnutrientsynthetic deplete stringent deleterious feasible upcoming tract,B.1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.A 10.AC.conspire millisecond uprooted replenish hydroelectric,Cloze：1.intergral 2.found 3.percentages 4.wellbeing 5.need 6.division 7.aspects 8.conservation 9.through 10.economical 11.using 12.that 13.reached 14.crucial 15.mammals 16.side-effect 17.ecosystem 18.Other 19.habitats 20.destroyed,TranslationA.海洋环境中的铁缺乏症是浮游生物不能大量繁殖的主要问题。因此，近年来，铁施肥（自然引入铁）一直受到世界各地科学家的关注。由于铁是海洋一种罕见的营养品，许多科学家都认为，引入铁尘将有利于浮游生物的生长，最终帮助吸收二氧化碳和缓解全球变暖现象。一些科学家认为，海洋中的碳会扰乱海洋的自然食物链，并导致赤潮。在解决这个问题过程中，有一个惊人的消息，海底发现了不锈铁。此外，一个研究小组发现，热液喷口（在地球表面的裂隙）有机化合物分离出的铁被带到了海水里。就是这些铁浮在海水表面。因此，科学家们发现了一个铁施肥的自然机制。,B.The ocean is the cradle of life.Therefore,the study of marine ecology is not only conducive to the survival of the conservation of biological environment,and is directly related to the development and utilization of marine living resources.Ocean researchers find that marine microbes play an important role in maintaining the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance in the Earths atmosphere;sunscreens made of algae can be used in skin care industry;a natural mechanism for iron fertilization is helpful to solve iron deficiency;mass catching of fish for obtaining oil poses risks for extinction of the overfished species;untreated wastewater or sewage which flow into the sea transmits human pathogen to marine corals.These are path-breaking findings in marine science.Researchers are going on various marine biology issues such as oil spills in marine water,ability of some marine species to change their sex and synthesis of renewable energy source.If it is feasible to obtain biofuel from seaweed in the future,it will be a priceless contribution for solving energy crisis of human beings.,Extended Exercisesa drop in the ocean at sea an ocean of work in hot water take him down a peg or two backing and filling cut and run a whale of a difference,参考译文,目前海洋生物大事记海洋拥有世界上最丰富的生物物种。从最小的海洋生物（低等微生物）到地球上最大的哺乳类动物（蓝鲸），海洋环境中的生命简直不可预测。最近一个时期，海洋生物学领域进行了严谨的研究工作。据估计，1毫克海水可能包含1千万个病毒和1百万个细菌。此外，海洋是人类最重要的资源。海洋鱼类提供蛋白质的比重最大，同时约占世界三分之一的燃料也来自海洋。海洋生物目前的一些大事在以下段落加以阐明。海洋微生物与地球的未来在上学的时候，我们已经学到了很多关于极小微生物的知识。最重要的是，我们知道他们是许多疾病的病原体。但是，你注意到微生物的丰富性了吗？不管你信不信，他们约占海洋生物量的90。事实上，这些微生物体在维持地球大气层中的氧气和二氧化碳的平衡中发挥了重要作用。海洋微生物吸收造成全球变暖最重要的温室气体二氧化碳。据了解，一些海洋微生物吸收甲烷（另一种温室气体），并有助于抗衡全球变暖。海洋微生物的研究表明，人类活动对微生物的数量有深远的影响，这可能是气候变化的一个重要原因。,海洋藻类防晒霜在众多的科技成果中，藻类防晒霜是其中重要的一个。各种浮游生物品种栖息在海洋表面。由于臭氧层的消耗，浮游生物存在暴露于太阳有害射线的风险。到一定时候，一些物种灭绝，而一些适应了当时的环境。很明显，这些幸存的浮游生物具有一些独特的化合物。这些化合物有助于保护浮游生物免受有害太阳光线的伤害。海洋生物学家牢记这一基本事实，正在研究识别和分离在皮肤护理行业可以使用的自然防晒霜。与商业护肤品比较，藻类防晒霜危害较小，因为它们是从天然可再生资源中分离出来的。海洋不锈铁海洋环境中的铁缺乏症是浮游生物不能大量繁殖的主要问题。因此，近年来，铁施肥（自然引入铁）一直受到世界各地科学家的关注。由于铁是海洋一种罕见的营养品，许多科学家都认为，引入铁尘将有利于浮游生物的生长，最终帮助吸收二氧化碳和缓解全球变暖现象。一些科学家认为，海洋中的碳会扰乱海洋的自然食物链，并导致赤潮。在解决这个问题过程中，有一个惊人的消息，海底发现了不锈铁。此外，一个研究小组发现，热液喷口（在地球表面的裂隙）有机化合物分离出的铁被带到了海水里。就是这些铁浮在海水表面。因此，科学家们发现了一个铁施肥的自然机制。,提取鱼油的后果鱼油的好处在新闻里已经报道了一段时间了。据说，鱼油中含有高比例的-3脂肪酸，是人体必需的脂肪。有了这一发现，人类正在大规模地从某些海洋鱼类分离鱼油。最终的结果导致了鱼类种群快速地下降。为获取鱼油大规模地过度捕捞也带来了物种灭绝的风险。就鱼在饮食方面的重要性而言，他们不仅做出可口的菜肴，也是一种丰富的蛋白质来源。考虑到这些，是到该确认鱼油是否真得对健康有益的时候了。如果结果不理想，没有必要只是为了提取鱼油而捕杀鱼类了。相反，保存鱼类和给大众提供饮食安全才是更实际的做法。人类病原体和珊瑚乳白痘宠物鸟类和动物传染给人类的疾病对我们来说已经不是新鲜事了（例如，禽流感和猪流感）。但是，令人惊讶的是，袭击人类的病原体也可以影响珊瑚。在此之前，麋角珊瑚被确定为加勒比海丰富的物种。但是，如果你浏览一下2006年美国濒危物种法中受保护的生物体，你会看到这种珊瑚榜上有名。麋角珊瑚下降的主要威胁是由细菌，粘质沙雷氏菌引起的白痘病。对人类而言，这种病菌会影响泌尿道，呼吸道系统和开放性伤口。这种人类病原体传播给海洋珊瑚的首要原因是未经处理的废水或污水流入海水。因此，为了拯救麋角珊瑚，废水处理时应严格关照。,珊瑚可用于人力植骨珊瑚是具有丰富生物多样性的海洋生物。因此，珊瑚礁常常被称为海洋的热带雨林。由于珊瑚的化学成分有点类似人体骨骼，所以它可以用来替代骨移植。结果表明，这种方法可以帮助人体骨骼的愈合，副作用较小而且方便、快捷。使用珊瑚修复骨骼问题的技术主要是在欧洲使用。对于这种类型的手术，经常使用滨珊瑚。各种研究显示，珊瑚材料中含有极少量的蛋白质，因此，它没有炎症反应。在重建手术中珊瑚应用在整形外科越来越普及。好，这些都是在海洋科学中的一些开创性的结果。目前，正在进行各种海洋生物学问题的综合研究，如海水中的漏油问题，一些海洋物种变性能力的问题，在极端环境中的海洋生物和海水可再生能源合成问题。如果从海藻中获得生物燃料的建议是可行的，这将对解决目前我们面临的能源危机做出无价的贡献。,Passage B,Lead-in QuestionsWhat is the color of the ocean?Have you ever wondered why the ocean is blue?,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,There are a few reasons why the ocean is blue.The best answer is that the ocean is blue because it is mostly water,which is blue in large quantities.When light strikes water,like sunlight,the water filters the light so that red is absorbed and some blue is reflected.Blue also travels further through water than light with longer wavelengths(red,yellow,green)though very little light reaches deeper than 200 meters(656 feet),and no light at all penetrates beyond 2,000 meters(3,280 feet).Another reason the ocean appears blue is because it reflects the color of the sky.Tiny particles in the ocean act as reflective mirrors so a large part of the color you see depends on what is around the ocean.,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,Have you ever wondered why the ocean is sometimes another color,like green,instead of blue?For example,the Atlantic off the East Coast of the United States usually appears green.Lets take a look at some pictures,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,Picture Discussions,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,Changes in ocean color can be caused by a variety of sources.In this image,two currents are flowing past each other.The warm Brazil Current flows south next to the shore of Argentina.The colder Malvinas/Falkland current flows north,nearly parallel to the Brazil Current.(The Falkland Islands can be seen at the bottom of the image.)The interaction of these two currents brings nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean to the surface,providing an excellent environment for the growth of phytoplankton.The distinct populations of phytoplankton in each current can be perceived as different colors.,Changes in ocean color can be caused by a variety of sources.In this image,two currents are flowing past each other.The warm Brazil Current flows south next to the shore of Argentina.The colder Malvinas/Falkland current flows north,nearly parallel to the Brazil Current.(The Falkland Islands can be seen at the bottom of the image.)The interaction of these two currents brings nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean to the surface,providing an excellent environment for the growth of phytoplankton（浮游植物）.The distinct populations of phytoplankton in each current can be perceived as different colors.,What information can you get from these two pictures?,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,Left Image:Phytoplankton are very small,single-celled plants,generally smaller than the size of a pinhead（针头）that contain a green pigment（色素）called chlorophyll（叶绿素）.All plants(on land and in the ocean)use chlorophyll to capture energy from the sun and through the process known as photosynthesis（光合作用）convert water and carbon dioxide into new plant material and oxygen.,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,Right Image:Although microscope,phytoplankton can bloom in such large numbers that they can change the color of the ocean to such a degree that we can measure that change from space.The swirls(漩涡)of green are a phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of California.,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,The most important light-absorbing substance in the oceans is chlorophyll,which phytoplankton use to produce oxygen by photosynthesis.Due to this green pigment-chlorophyll-phytoplankton preferentially(优先地)absorb the red and blue portions of the light spectrum光谱(for photosynthesis)and reflect green light.So,the ocean over regions with high concentrations(浓度)of phytoplankton will appear as certain shades(细微的差别),from blue-green to green,depending upon the type and density of the phytoplankton population there.The basic principle behind the remote sensing of ocean color from space is this:the more phytoplankton in the water,the greener it is.the less phytoplankton,the bluer it is.There are other substances that may be found dissolved(溶解的)in the water that can also absorb light.Since these substances are usually composed of organic carbon,researchers generally refer to these substances as colored dissolved organic matter,CDOM for short.,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,Why do we need to study ocean color?,The study of ocean color helps scientists gain a better understanding of phytoplankton and their impact on the Earth system.These small organisms can affect a system on a very large scale such as climate change.Phytoplankton use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and in turn provide almost half the oxygen we breathe.The larger the worlds phytoplankton population,the more carbon dioxide gets pulled from the atmosphere,hence,the lower the average temperature due to lower volumes of this greenhouse gas.Scientists have found that a given population of phytoplankton can double its numbers about once per day.,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,In other words,phytoplankton respond very rapidly to changes in their environment.Large populations of these organisms,sustained over long periods of time,could significantly lower atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and,in turn,lower average temperatures.Carbon can be stored in oceanic sediments(沉淀物)when organic matter sinks and is buried in the ocean floor.Understanding and monitoring phytoplankton can help scientists study and predict environmental change.Since phytoplankton depend upon sunlight,water,and nutrients to survive,physical or chemical variance in any of these ingredients over time for a given region will affect the phytoplankton concentrations.,Phytoplankton populations grow or diminish rapidly in response to changes in its environment.Changes in the trends for a given phytoplankton population,such as its density,distribution,and rate of population growth or diminishment,will alert Earth scientists that environmental conditions are changing there.Then,by comparing these phytoplankton trends to other measurements-such as temperature-scientists can learn more about how phytoplankton may be contributing to,and affected by,climatic and environmental change.,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,Text B Why Is the Ocean Less Green?,Scientists in the modern era have determined the specific quantitative relationship between the depth the white Secchi disk is no longer visible and the amount of chlorophyll by calibrating the results from the Secchi method with laboratory analysis of water from the same column.在当今时代，科学家通过西奇法与实验室对同一水柱水质分析校准结果对比，已经确定了看不到白色西奇圆盘的海洋深度和叶绿素数量之间的具体的量化关系。,And so,voila,we have more than 100 years of chlorophyll data and by extension data on the amount of chlorophyll in the ocean.Assembling such a record is no small featit requires carefully combining sundry data sets and making sure they are all appropriately calibrated to the same standard so they can be consistently compared.This Boyce and his colleagues did,and then examined the data for evidence of a long-term trend.瞧，我们有超过100多年的叶绿素数据和在海洋中叶绿素量的扩展数据。收集这样的记录是不小的壮举它需要仔细结合各式各样的数据集，并确保它们都以相同的标准适当的校准，使他们能够始终有可比性。这是博伊斯和他的同事们所做的，然后调查这个长期趋势的数据证据。,I dont find it all that surprising that phytoplankton would be unhappy with global warming.As the surface ocean heats up,the ocean becomes more stratified;there is less upwelling or mixing of nutrient-rich deep ocean water with surface waters and this tends to suppress photosynthesis.What I do find surprising,indeed astounding,is the size of the chlorophyll decline.If Boyce et als result is applicable to the total productivity of the ocean;it would imply that the productivity has decreased by a factor of two over the past 100 years.And thats a huge decrease,more than enough to have had a large impact on ocean fisheries and CO2 uptake by the ocean.,全球变暖对浮游植物不利，这并不让我感到惊奇。由于海洋表面温度上升，海洋有更多的层次了；营养丰富的海洋深层水的上涌少了或与地表水混合少了，这会抑制光合作用。我却是觉得吃惊，甚至是确实感到震惊的是叶绿素含量下降的规模。如果博伊斯等人的结果是适用于海洋的总生产力的话，这将意味着在过去的100年，生产力下降到原来的二分之一了。这一降幅太大了，足以对海洋渔业和二氧化碳的吸收产生巨大的影响。,Ocean productivity varies spatially over the ocean.Much of the productivity occurs in specialized regions of the ocean such as coastal and shallow water areasareas that Boyce et al excluded from their analysis.Much of the open oceans,where the authors found the largest decreases in chlorophyll,are veritable deserts with very low chlorophyll concentrations and productivity.Perhaps a careful weighting of the regional decreases with the amount of productivity in the regions would yield a more modest overall decrease.海洋生产力在海洋上是随空间条件不同而有所变化的。大部分生产力出现在专门的区域，如沿海和浅海区海洋这些区域都是博伊斯等人的分析排除在外的区域。论文作者们发现，叶绿素下降最大的是开放海洋的大部分，是名副其实的海洋沙漠，叶绿素浓度非常低，生产力也很低。也许对一个地区生产力区域下降的仔细权衡来判定这个区域叶绿素水平，下降将不会那么厉害。,Structure Analysis,Part 1:The writer reminded a television commercial and put forward a question why the ocean is less green to discuss in the following paragraphs.(Paras.1-3)Part 2:Microscopic organisms known as phytoplankton are key to underwater life.(Paras.4-6)3 Reasons for phytoplankton which is key to underwater life Reason 1:existing at the bottom of the oceans food chain;(Para.4)Reason2:making the organic carbon through photosynthesis which supports essentially all other life in the sea.(Para.4)Reason 3:transferring carbon dioxide(CO2)from the atmosphere to the deep ocean through biological pump.(Para.5)For those reasons,Daniel Boyce of Dalhousie University and his colleagues published a paper last week in the journal Nature.(Para.6),Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,Part 3:Chlorophyll levels used to determine amount of phytoplankton.(Paras.7-11)Marine biologists often use the amount of chlorophyll pigment a metric for the amount of phytoplankton there.(Para.7)Different methods in determining chlorophyll levels in 100+years(Paras.8-10)1899:the Secchi method(Para.9)1950s:collecting and analyzing water samples to measure concentrations of chlorophyll pigment.(Para.8)1970s:using satellite measurements of the intensity of the oceans green color.(Para.8)In the modern era:calibrating the results from the Secchi method with laboratory analysis of water from the same column(Para.10)What Daniel Boyce of Dalhousie University and colleagues did is assembling more than 100 years of chlorophyll data and examining the data for evidence of a long-term trend.(Para.11),Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,Part 4:Declines in phytoplankton found to be extensive and troubling.(Paras.12-16)Declines in phytoplankton found to be extensive(Paras.12-13)The declines were found for all the worlds oceans except the North and South Indian Oceans.(Para.12)The rate of decline adds up to a factor-of-two decrease.(Para.13)Declines in Phytoplankton Found to Be Troubling.(Paras.14-16)The result that chlorophyll declines is correlated with rising sea surface temperatures due to global warming not surprising to the writer.(Para.14)What the writer found it surprising is the size of the chlorophyll decline.（Para.15）In all likelihood the overall decrease was not quite so large.（Para.16）Part 5:The writer hopes there will be the additional research which can answer his questions.（Para.17）,Unit 1 Overview 中国海洋大学出版社,Vocabulary StudyA.veritable querytransparentpique quantitative feat organic calibrate coveragestratify,B.1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.B 10.BC.veracitycybercrime phytotherapycollaborate photoreceptorsCyberphobia,Cloze1.which 2.carried 3.amounting 4.detected 5.attributed 6.connection 7.size 8.whose 9.inserted 10.off 11.additional 12.now 13.takes 14.just 15.overstated 16.trend bined 18.modern 19.