沉默教学法(英语)ppt课件.ppt

The Silent Way,What is the Silent Way?,It is the name of a language teaching method devised by Dr.Caleb Gattegno.,Background,American educator,Caleb Gattegno created in the 70s,1983.Basic principle:Teaching should be subordinated to learning.Teaching is to serve learning process rather than to dominate it.Learners are actively searching for rules of the target language regarding to the learner in the cognitive approach.,Errors signs that students were actively testing their hypotheses.No English teaching methods are directly from cognitive approach,but a number of innovative methods emerged.The silent way is one of them.,Background,During the process of teaching,the teacher has to be silent as much as they could,but the learner has to be encouraged to produce as much language as possible.,The approach is called the Silent Way because the teacher remains mainly silent,to give students the space they need to learn to talk.In this approach,it is assumed that the students previous experience of learning from their mother tongue will contribute to learning the new foreign language.The acquisition of the mother tongue brings awareness of what language is and this is retained in second language learning.The awareness of what language is includes the use of non-verbal components of language such as intonation,melody,breathing,inflection,the convention of writing,and the combinations of letters for different sounds.Rods,pictures,objects or situations are aids used for linking sounds and meanings in the Silent Way.,The colored Cuisenaire rods奎西奈彩色棒,one pointer,The teacher uses charts,gestures,and manipulatives to elicit and shape student responses and so must be both facile and creative as a pantomimist and puppeteer.,Within the atmosphere of silence,learners would concentrate on the task to be accomplished and the potential means to its accomplishment.,Learners go on to create their own utterances by putting together all the information they have.Learners only have themselves and the group to rely on,and they need to work cooperatively rather than competitively.,Though teachers modeling is minimal,learners are expected to develop independence,autonomy,and responsibility.,The absence of correction and repeated modeling from teachers require students to develop“inner criteria”and to correct themselves and their peers.,Goals:,A.Students should be able to use the language for self-expression.B.Students need to develop their own inner criteria for correctness by each other or themselves without the dependence of the teacher.,Techniques and Principles:teaching should be subordinated to learning,Student-teacher interaction:The teacher works with the student;the student works on the language.Gattegno,Techniques and Principles:1.Teachers roles:,A.Start with something the students have already known and build from that to the unknown.B.As a technician or engineer:The teacher is a silent helper who only gives what help is necessary.C.Respect the autonomy of the learners in their attempts at relating and interacting with the new challenges.,Techniques and Principles:2.Students roles:,A.Make use of what they knowB.Free themselves of any obstacles that would interfere with giving their utmost attention to the learning taskC.Actively engage in exploring the language.,Techniques and Principles:3.Peer correction,Students are encouraged to help another student when he or she is experiencing difficulty.,Techniques and Principles:4.Self-correction gestures,The teacher will use some gestures to direct the students.,Techniques and Principles:5.Structured feedback,A.Students learn to take responsibility for their own learning by becoming aware of an decontrolling how they use certain learning strategies in class.B.The teacher accepts the students comments in a nondefensive manner.C.This will give him direction for where to work on next.,Some uses of colored rods,This is a chart containing a certain number of different coloured rectangles;each colour corresponds to a sound in the language.,The Fidel is a set of charts presenting all the possible spellings of each sound of the language.,One of the 12 word charts on which the functional words of the language are printed in color.,Culture:,Culture is an inseparable part of language.Language reflects culture.Everyday life,art,literature.etc.should be learnt.,Culture:,Stop!,Please repeat,one word per finger,Open wider,please!,Comparison with the traditional teaching methods,Traditional teaching methods strongly focus on repetition of sentences modeled by the teacher,and a process through guided elicitation exercises to freer communication.,In the Silent Way,the indirect role the teacher is required to assume in directing and monitoring learner performance,the responsibility placed on learners to figure out and test their hypotheses about how the languages work.,Comparison with the traditional teaching methods,Next,The silent way,Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion,Advantages,This method fosters cooperative learning between individuals.It embodies a new approach to education in general,a respect for the individual and an awareness of the individuals extraordinary cognitive powers.,Advantages,If it is succeeded to teach the language by using the rods without repeating too much,it will really save time and energy for both teachers students.The advocates of the Silent Way claim that the short-term memory is used artificially but well.The self-esteem of the students will be increased and this will enhance learning.By this way students will say I learned instead of I was taught well.,Disadvantages,It would seem necessary for a teacher to gain a good deal of training and skill in order to apply the Silent Way to the teaching of a total grammar in all its complexity,if such a broad application is,in fact,possible.,Disadvantages,This method can be benefited by the teacher only in small groups of students.The teacher can gain ability in this method by trying.The teacher is expected to enrich the materials on his/her own.For some teachers the rigidity of the system(no repetitions by the teacher,no answers by the teacher etc.)may be meaningless.,Disadvantages,For some learners,one limitation is the approach to language basics which begins with seemingly irrelevant discussions about rods and which involves silence and concentration and games with the teacher about meaning.Students expectations and need for immediately relevant language learning may force teachers to abandon the approach,Disadvantages,How such a method would in the average classroom situation,or how successfully it might be used at more advanced levels is a question mark left in our minds.Language is separated from its social context and taught through artificial situations usually by rods.,Conclusion,Despite the philosophical and sometimes almost metaphysical quality of much of Gattegnos writings,the actual practices of the Silent Way are much less revolutionary than might be expected.Working from what is a rather traditional structural and lexical syllabus,the method exemplifies many of the features that characterize more traditional methods,such as Situational Language Teaching and Audiolingualism,with a strong focus on accurate repetition of sentences modeled initially by the teacher and a movement through guided elicitation exercises to freer communication.,Conclusion,The innovations in Gattegnos method derive primarily from the manner in which classroom activities are organized,the indirect role the teacher is required to assume in directing and monitoring learner performance,the responsibility placed upon learners to figure out and test their hypotheses about how the language works,and the materials used to elicit and practice language.,Thanks for your listening,