何家弘法律英语课件第一课.ppt
2023/1/7,法律英语,1,Lessonone,Legalsystem,2023/1/7,法律英语,2,Every law has no atom of strength,as far as no public opinion supports it.Wendell phillips,American leader against slavery若是没有公众舆论的支持,法律是丝毫没有力量的。美国废奴运动领袖 菲力普斯 W,2023/1/7,法律英语,3,Background,Two periods of legal history:,The Period of the English Colonies,The Period of the United States,On May 14,1607,the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony,The Revolutionary War in America(1775-1783),2023/1/7,法律英语,4,2023/1/7,法律英语,5,Characteristics,Common law legal system普通法系,Decentralization,Case law,Stare decisis遵从前例,2023/1/7,法律英语,6,TextPartOne,TheUnitedStatesisat once averynewnationaveryoldnation,既年轻又古老的国家,2023/1/7,法律英语,7,itisconstantlybeingrenewedbytheadditionofnewelementsofpopulationandofnewStates不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入,Itisanewnation,Compared with many other countries与其他国家相比,2023/1/7,法律英语,8,Itis theoldestofthenewnationsthefirstonetobemadeoutof anOldWorldcolony.第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家theoldestwrittenconstitutiontheoldestcontinuousfederalsystem theoldestpracticeofself-government,Itisold,2023/1/7,法律英语,9,The wholeofitshistorybelongsintheperiodsincetheinventionoftheprinting press.美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。,2023/1/7,法律英语,10,foreventssuchas thosethatarelostinthelegendarypastofItalyorFranceorEngland arepartoftheprintedrecordoftheUnitedStates那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件,是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。,Thewholeofitshistoryisrecorded,2023/1/7,法律英语,11,AndtheAmericanrecord,Comprehensive复杂,Immense繁多,2023/1/7,法律英语,12,Recordofthecolonialera殖民时代的记载Record oftheNationsince1776国家从1776年开始的记载Record ofthepresentfiftyStates当前50个州的记载Theintricatenetworkof relationshipsbetweenStatesand Nation各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载,2023/1/7,法律英语,13,Thereportsofthe UnitedStatesSupremeCourtfill350volumesThereportsofsomeStatesarealmostequallyvoluminous.,联邦最高法院判例汇编,州法院判例汇编,2023/1/7,法律英语,14,ThereaderwhowantstotracethehistoryoflawinAmericaisconfrontedwithover5,000 stoutvolumesoflegalcases.想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。,2023/1/7,法律英语,15,Noonedocument,nohandfulofdocuments,canproperlybesaidtorevealthecharacterofapeopleoroftheirgovernment.没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。,2023/1/7,法律英语,16,Whenhundredsandthousands ofdocumentsstrikeaconsistentnote,overmorethanahundredyears,wehavearighttosay thatisthekeynote.当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时,我们可以说这就是基调。,2023/1/7,法律英语,17,TheAmericanlegalsystem,liketheEnglish,ismethodologicallymainlyacase lawsystem.判例法,PartTwo,2023/1/7,法律英语,18,2023/1/7,法律英语,19,Mostfieldsofprivatelawstill consistprimarilyofcaselawandtheextensiveandsteadily growingstatutorycontinuestobesubjecttobinding interpretationthroughcaselaw.私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法,以及广泛的不断增加的成文法,这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。,2023/1/7,法律英语,20,2023/1/7,法律英语,21,ThecommonlawishistoricallythecommongenerallawwithsupremacyoverlocallawwhichwasdecreedbytheitinerantjudgesoftheEnglishroyalcourt.普通法在历史上是普通综合法,由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。,2023/1/7,法律英语,22,enforcement 强制执行;claim 请求;action 诉讼行为;writ 法院令状;classical Roman law 古罗马法,2023/1/7,法律英语,23,The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action,a writ,with the result that the original common law represented a system of action similar to that of classical Roman law.某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的,而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。,2023/1/7,法律英语,24,Ifawritexisted(in1227)aclaimcouldbeenforced;有法院令状,诉讼请求就要强制执行;therewasnorecourseforaclaimwithoutawrit,theclaimdidnot exist.没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求,就没有追索权,因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。,2023/1/7,法律英语,25,ThissystembecameinflexiblewhentheProvisionsofOxford(1258)prohibitedthecreationofnewwrits,exceptfortheflexibilitywhichthewrituponthecaseallowedandwhichlaterledtothedevelopmentofcontractandtortlaw.这一制度在(1258年)“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来;除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外,后者后来发展成合同与侵权法。,2023/1/7,法律英语,26,Thenarrowlimitsoftheformsofactionandthelimitedrecoursetheyprovidedledtothedevelopmentofequitylaw andequitycaselaw.诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。,2023/1/7,法律英语,27,衡平法,由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时,为避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题,而集中考虑案情的理据得失,最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范,就是衡平法。,2023/1/7,法律英语,28,“Equity”doingequity公平行为公平decidingexaequoetbono决定公平且善良(拉丁语)wasfirstgrantedbytheKing,andlaterbyhisChancelloraskeeperoftheKingsconscience,to afford relief in hardship cases.首先由国王,以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出,以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。,2023/1/7,法律英语,29,Inthefifteenthcentury,however,equitylawandequitycaselaw developedintoanindependent legalsystemandjudiciary(Court ofchancery)whichcompetedwiththeordinarycommonlawcourts.15世纪,衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立的法律制度和司法制度(大法官法庭),大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。,2023/1/7,法律英语,30,普通法,衡平法,普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。,2023/1/7,法律英语,31,Itsrulesandmaximsbecamefixedand,toadegree,inflexibleasin anylegalsystem.衡平法的规则和原则逐渐确定,与任何法律制度一样,具有一定程度的固定性。,equitylaw,2023/1/7,法律英语,32,reliefintheformofspecificperformance特殊履行的救济方式theinjunction禁令(临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令)thedevelopmentofsocalled maximsofequitylaw形成所谓的衡平法座右铭,Specialcharacteristicsofequitylaw:,2023/1/7,法律英语,33,However,equitablereliefregularlywill lieonlywhenthecommonlawreliefis inadequate.不过,只有当普通法救济不充分时,才适用衡平救济。,2023/1/7,法律英语,34,Forinstance,specificperformanceforthepurchaseofrealproperty willbegrantedbecausecommonlawdamagesaredeemedtobeinadequatesince theycannotcompensatethebuyer inviewoftheuniquenessattributedto realproperty.例如,对购买不动产提供特殊履行的救济,因为普通法的赔偿被认为不充分,由于不动产具有特殊性,普通法的赔偿无法补偿买方。,2023/1/7,法律英语,35,Asthecommonlaw,equitylawbecamepartofAmericanlaw eitherthroughjudicialacceptance司法接受orthroughexpressstatutory provision明确的成文法条款,2023/1/7,法律英语,36,Today,bothlegalsystemshavebeenmergedinmanyAmericanjurisdictions,普通法衡平法,thereisonlyoneformofcivilsuit inthesejurisdictionsaswellas infederalpractice.在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式,2023/1/7,法律英语,37,美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维菲尔德起草的菲尔德民事程序法典,稍后更成立了一个“法典化委员会”来“将纽约州的全部法律简化为成文的、系统化的法典”。,2023/1/7,法律英语,38,OnlyfewStatescontinuetomaintainaseparatechancerycourt.独立大法官法庭,2023/1/7,法律英语,39,Reference to the historical development is important参考历史发展非常重要,It explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal concepts,2023/1/7,法律英语,40,itisstillrelevantforthedecisionofsuchquestions,Reference to the historical development is important参考历史发展非常重要,2023/1/7,法律英语,41,“ordinary”commonlawreliefofdamages普通法规定的赔偿金救济,“extraordinary”equityremedyofspecificperformance衡平法规定的特定履行救济,2023/1/7,法律英语,42,Caselawdescribestheentirebodyofjudgemadelawandtodayincludescommonlawandequityprecedents.“判例法”指所有的法官定法,目前既包括普通法,也包括衡平法先例。,2023/1/7,法律英语,43,Inimpreciseandconfusingusage theterms commonlawandcaselawareoftenusedsynonymously,withtheterm“commonlaw”in this usageconnotingjudge-madelawingeneralascontrastedwithstatutorylaw.普通法与判例法混用,被用作同义词,是指“法官定法”。是与成文法相对的概念。,2023/1/7,法律英语,44,Caselaw:alwaysconnotesjudgemadelaw判例法总是指法官定法commonlaw:eitherthe judgemadelawincommonlawsubjectmattersor,more extensively,alljudge-madelaw.普通法既包括普通法意义上的法官定法,又包括更广义的所有的法官定法,2023/1/7,法律英语,45,重点词汇,UnitedStatesSupremeCourtCommon law legal systemCivil law legal systemCase law Statutory lawclassicalRomanlaw,2023/1/7,法律英语,46,privatelawbinding interpretationitinerantjudgesEnglishroyalcourtEnforcement,claim,action,writwrituponthecase,2023/1/7,法律英语,47,equitylawequity caselawexaequoetbonospecificperformanceinjunctionequitablereliefcommonlawreliefcommonlawdamages,2023/1/7,法律英语,48,civilsuitJurisdictionstitletrialbyjuryjudge-madelaw,2023/1/7,法律英语,49,2023/1/7,法律英语,50,Exercises,1.Questions about the text2.Dictation3.Discussion,