人体解剖学医学知识讲座培训课件.ppt
人体解剖学医学知识讲座,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,绪 论,一定义：人体解剖学（human anatomy）是研究人体 正常形态结构位置关系及其发生发展的科学。,系统解剖学 systematic anatomy局部解剖学 topographic anatomy断面解剖学 sectional anatomy外科解剖学 surgical anatomy 表面解剖学 surface anatomyX线解剖学 X-ray anatomy运动解剖学 locomotive anatomy微视解剖学 microanatomy,二人体解剖学分类：,三人体解剖学的任务及其重要性,2,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,绪 论 一定义：人体解剖学（human anatomy,(1)locomotor system(运动系统)(2)alimentary system(消化系统)(3)respiratory system(呼吸系统)(4)urinary system(泌尿系统)(5)genital system(生殖系统)(6)circulatory system(angiology)(脉管系统)(7)sense organs(感觉器)(8)nervous system(神经系统)(9)endocrine system(内分泌系统),There are nine systems in the human body:,3,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,(1)locomotor system(运,四解剖学姿势、方位术语与人体的轴与面,(二)方位术语 上superior和下inferior 颅侧cranial和尾侧caudal 前anterior和后posterior 腹侧ventral和背侧dorsal 内侧medial和外侧lateral 内internal和外external 浅superficial和深profundal,(一)人体的标准解剖学姿势 anatomical position,在四肢,近侧proximal和远侧distal尺侧ulnar和桡侧radial胫侧tibial和腓侧fibular,4,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,四解剖学姿势、方位术语与人体的轴与面(二)方位术语(一),(三)人体的轴和面,面:1.冠状面frontal plane（额状面）2.矢状面sagittal plane（纵切面）3.水平面horizontal plane（横切面）,轴:1.垂直轴 vertical axis2.矢状轴 sagittal axis（又名腹背轴）3.冠状轴 frontal axis,5,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,(三)人体的轴和面面:轴:5人体解剖学医学知识讲座,运动系统 locomotor system,骨学 Osteology关节学 Arthrology肌学 Skeletal muscle,6,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,运动系统骨学 Osteology6人体解剖学医学,人体解剖学医学知识讲座培训课件,1.long bone长骨 一体两端,diaphysis骨干medullary cavity髓腔nutrient foramen滋养孔 epiphysis骺 etaphysis干骺端epiphysial cartilage骺软骨 epiphysial line骺线,2.short bone短骨 3.flat bone扁骨 4.irregular bone不规则骨,按形态分：,8,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,1.long bone长骨diaphysis骨干2.sh,(1)bone substance骨质,骨密质compact bone骨松质spongy bone,(2)periosteum骨膜,骨内膜 endosteum,(3)bone marrow骨髓,红骨髓red merrow黄骨髓yellow merrow,(4)骨的血管、淋巴管和神经,颅骨,骨密质骨松质-板障diploe,内板 外板,骨膜,骨髓,骨密质,骨松质,骺线,外板,内板,板障,骨膜,（二）The structure of the bones 骨的构造,终生有红骨髓的骨？,9,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,(1)bone substance骨质骨密质compact,（三）The chemical composition and physical properties 骨的化学成分和物理性质,organic components有机质：主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白，构成骨的支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。inorganic components无机质：主要是碱性磷酸钙，使骨坚硬、挺实。,幼儿骨易变形,老年骨易骨折,10,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,（三）The chemical composition an,连结形式,Discontinuous joints间接连结：又称articulation关节或,Continuous joints直接连结,骨与骨之间借纤维结缔组织、软骨或骨相连，形成骨连结。,Fibrous joints 纤维连结Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结Synosteosis 骨性结合,synovial joints滑膜关节,关节学总论,11,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,连结形式Discontinuous joints间接连结：又,一、Continuous joints,（一）Fibrous joints 纤维连结,两骨之间以纤维结缔组织相连结,Syndesmosis 韧带连结Suture 缝,前臂骨间膜,韧带连结,12,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,一、Continuous joints（一）Fibrous,（二）Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结,Synchondrosis 透明软骨结合,Symphysis 纤维软骨结合,两骨之间借软骨相连结,如骺软骨，随年龄的增长而形成骨性结合,如椎间盘，耻骨联合,13,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,（二）Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结Sy,（三）Synosteosis 骨性结合,常由纤维连结或透明软骨骨化而成。,如骶椎椎骨之间，髂、耻、坐骨之间,14,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,（三）Synosteosis 骨性结合常由纤维连结或透明软骨,1.Articular surface关节面:关节头，关节窝 covered by articular cartilage 关节软骨2.Articular capsule 关节囊：外层-Fibrous membrane纤维膜 内层-Synovial membrane 滑膜3.Articular cavity关节腔:,二、Discontinuous joints,Articulation or synovial joints,（一）Basic structures关节的基本构造,15,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,1.Articular surface关节面:二、Dis,1.Ligaments韧带(lig.):extra-and intracapsular ligaments 囊外(内)韧带2.Articular disc关节盘 and articular labrum关节唇:3.Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊,（二）Accessory structures 关节的辅助结构,16,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,1.Ligaments韧带(lig.):（二）A,extra-and intracapsular ligaments 囊外(内)韧带,作用：加强关节的稳固，限制过度运动。,17,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,extra-and intracapsular lig,Articular disc关节盘 and articular labrum关节唇,作用：关节盘使两关节面更为合适，减少震荡，增加稳固性。关节唇加深关节窝，增加稳固性。,18,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,Articular disc关节盘 and articula,Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊,作用：滑膜脂垫有填充作用，扩大了滑膜的面积，有利于滑液的分泌和吸收。滑膜囊可减少肌肉活动时与骨面之间的摩擦。,19,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial,（三）Terms movements of joints 关节的运动,1.Translation 移动 2.Flexion and extension 屈和伸3.Adduction and abduction 收和展4.Rotation 旋转Medial and lateral rotation 旋内和旋外Pronation ans supination旋前和旋后Inversion and eversion 足内翻和足外翻5.Circumduction 环转,20,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,（三）Terms movements of joints,（四）Classification of synovial joints 关节的分类,1.Uniaxial joints单轴关节:hinge joints 屈戍关节（滑车关节）trochoid(pivot)joints车轴关节2.Biaxial joints双轴关节:ellipsoid joints 椭圆关节saddle joints 鞍状关节3.Multiaxial joints多轴关节:ball-and-socket joint 球窝关节plane joints 平面关节,21,人体解剖学医学知识讲座,（四）Classification of synovial,
