托福阅读文章段落精读技巧实例讲解分享.doc
托福阅读文章段落精读技巧实例讲解分享 托福阅读*从某种意义上来说可以说是宝库,今天给大家来托福阅读*段落精读技巧实例讲解，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。【高分精选】托福阅读*段落精读技巧实例讲解托福阅读备考为何要做段落精读?精读段落可以帮助考生了解托福阅读*段落的结构规律，捕捉含特殊逻辑关系的结构的可能出题点。托福阅读备考段落精读要点实例讲解1. 快速找出并理解段落中心句段落精读的第一个要点就是要快速找出并理解各段落的中心句。如果是首段，一般关注它的首句或尾句;如果是中间段，一般也是阅读首尾句，但也可能会出现“非常规”的情况，即中心句在段落的中间出现。以下面这个段落为例。Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a persons facial expression can influence that persons emotional state. Consider Darwins words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger? (官方指南OG “The Expression of Emotions”)乍一看，你会觉得本段落的中心句就是第一句，其实第一句只是交代了一个普遍的(generally)看法，第二句是基于这个看法作进一步的解释(in fact)。而真正的中心句应该是第三句(由however引出)，它提出了另一个新的看法，叫“面部反馈的假设”，这个新的看法才是本段接着要展开的重点对象。大家在精读段落时，应该特别留意类似“非常规”的情况，充分理解这种段落的写作逻辑。2. 关注段落中逻辑关系词结构段落精读的第二个要点就是关注段落中含逻辑关系词的结构，比如转折结构、因果结构、平行结构、连续列举结构等，这些结构往往都是托福阅读考试的出题点。笔者建议考生在精读时用记号标出这些结构的信号词，对其前后的文字加以研读，并与后面的题目进行对照，摸索阅读出题的规律。这里以“转折结构”为例作为示范。According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten. (官方模考真题18 “The Mystery of Yawning”)考生在精读本段落时，要特别注意本段中的Unfortunately，它是转折的信号词之一，引起了前后信息的转折，后面的句子对本段开头的传统理论(conventional theory)作出了反驳，意思是“但遗憾的是，关于打哈欠的仅有的几项科学研究并没有找到打哈欠的频率与个人睡眠时长或者疲劳程度之间的任何关联。”考生可以划出这个转折结构的句子，然后再跟后面的题目进行对照，看看是否针对这句话出题。对照之后，考生会发现有一道事实信息题与这句话有密切的关系。之后，考生还可以在脑海里再回忆下转折结构的信号词除了unfortunately还有哪些，比如还有but、however、yet、nevertheless、while、whereas等，以后读段落或做题时可以多注意这些地方。托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：literature of the Sumerians.托福阅读100个长难句实例分析原句案例：The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East, and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome.结构分析：并列复合句。句子分析：句1: The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East， The literature为主语 of the Sumerians为定语， was treasured 谓语，throughout the Near East 状语。本部分意思：在整个近东地区, 苏美尔人的文学都受到珍视.句2：and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome. 句2结构为状语从句+主句。after引导的状语从句中，Sumerian为主语，ceased to be spoken为谓语。主句中，the Babylonians and Assyrians and others 主语， kept谓语， it宾语，alive 宾补， as a literary language也为宾补. the way 引出状语从句，其中，Europeans 主语，kept 谓语， Latin宾语，alive 宾补，after the fall of Rome状语。本部分意思：在苏美尔语停止运用很长时间之后，巴比伦人，亚述人和其他人让它作为一种文学语言使它存活，就像罗马衰落以后，欧洲人把拉丁语保存下来那样。参考翻译：在近东地区, 苏美尔人的文学是受到珍视的，在苏美尔语停止运用很长时间之后，巴比伦人，亚述人和其他人让它作为一种文学语言使它存活，就像罗马衰落以后，欧洲人把拉丁语保存下来那样。托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：In the near-surface layers.托福阅读100个长难句实例分析原句案例：In the near-surface layers, there are many large, fast carnivores as well as an immense variety of planktonic animals, which feed on plankton (small, free-floating plants or animals) by filtering them from currents of water that pass through a specialized anatomical structure.结构分析：复合句，主句中包含which和that引导的定语从句。句子分析：In the near-surface layers 状语， 主句为there be 句型，many large, fast carnivores as well as an immense variety of planktonic animals 是主语。本部分的意思：在近表面层，有很多大型的，移动速度快的食肉动物以及大量的浮游动物，which引导的从句中，which充当主语，修饰之前所提及的动物们，从句中feed on 是谓语。planktton 宾语，括号当中的内容对planktton进行解释说明。本部分意思： 他们以浮游生物为食(小的，自由漂浮的植物或动物)。by filtering them from currents of water 方式状语，说明如何吃这些浮游生物。that引导的从句中，that 充当主语，修饰water， 从句中 pass through 是谓语， a specialized anatomical structure 宾语。本部分的意思：通过一个专门的内部组织。本部分的意思： 依靠流经体内结构的水流将浮游生物过滤出来。参考翻译：在近表面层，有很多大型的，移动速度快的食肉动物以及大量的浮游动物，他们以浮游生物为食(小的，自由漂浮的植物或动物)， 依靠流经体内结构的水流将浮游生物过滤出来。托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：change from redistribution.托福阅读100个长难句实例分析原句案例：The change from redistribution to formal tradeoften based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currencywas closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world.结构分析：复合句，在插入语中含有that引导的定语从句。句子分析：The change from redistribution to formal trade,the change主语，from redistribution to formal trade,定语。本部分意思：从再分配到正式贸易的变化。was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world中，was closely tied to.and hence to 谓语(后面hence to,也受tied管制)，growing political and social complexity,宾语，同时the development 也是宾语，of the state in the ancient world 定语部分。本部分意思：与政治和社会复杂性以及古代世界国家的发展有密切联系。插入语often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency中，based on regulated commerce, 定语修饰formal trade, that 定语从句，修饰commerce，that充当主语，involved 谓语，fixed prices and even currency, 宾语。本部分意思：正式贸易通常是基于受调控的贸易，这种贸易涉及固定的价格甚至货币。参考翻译：从再分配到正式贸易的变化与政治和社会复杂性以及古代世界国家的发展有密切联系(正式贸易通常是基于受调控的贸易，这种贸易涉及固定的价格甚至货币。)
