大学语用学第八单元会话分析 话轮转换策略课件.ppt
Turn-taking control strategies,Turn-taking control strategies,1,2,3,turn-claiming夺取话轮,turn-holding把持话轮,turn-yielding放弃话轮,Overlap重叠,Insertion插入,Interruption打断,Turn-claiming夺取话轮,Overlap重叠,听话人感觉到当前说话人结束了谈话，重复对方话轮中对自己稍有利的要点，以此来获得话权,A：Considering the long-standing business relationship between us, we shall grant you a speciall discount of 3%. B:A 3% discount? Its too little. We usually get a 10% discount from the European exporters.,T: What your favorite color? S: Red. T: Red, mm, then whats your favorite book?,A:Whats it?B:What is it? Its a big exposition center .,Insertion插入,A：陈女士你刚听到张先生这个观点的时候还不普及，就是大家还没意识到病毒对电脑会产生这么大的威胁的时候，你是怎么看待他这个决策的。B: 我真的觉得他神经病-,听者认为当前说话人已经讲完,Penny开车载Sheldon一起去购物，Sheldon试图让Penny开慢点，并且告诉了她原因，S: Slow down, please, slow down.P: We are fine.S: You are not leaving yourself enough space between cars.P: Oh, I sure,.I amS: No, let me do the match for you. This car weighs400 pound. Now.add 140 pound for me, 120 for you.P: 120?,a代表求职者b代表达人团c代表主持人 a: 我说一下我第一份在北京的工作-所以大家还蛮开心的 b：是这样，你这个回答我还不是很满意，主要有两点，首先，你知道-但这种方式- c: 不同的人有不同的方法，我们可以理解。好，我们先来看一看你的职业测评题！（职来职往）,Interruption打断,当前说话人还没有结束话语，听话人就强行发话,A：你知道吗?我赢了！我简直不敢相信！我- B：哇！你太棒了！祝贺你！什么时候开个派对庆祝一 下？,打断话语在交谈中被认为非常不礼貌，但有一些情况，比如听者想要改变话题，就某事表达自己的观点或者澄清一些误会,A: 我觉得我们应该把注意力放 在是否有足够时间来完成已制定的计划，比如(此时，大屏幕进入倒计时)B: 时间不多，那么我们来做一个总结 （华赛公司招聘实录）,Utterance incompletor话语未完成成分(Sacks,1992),Control the length of turn-taking 控制话轮长度,Repetition 言语重复,Turn-holding把持话轮,指的是发话人利用发话技巧延续自己的发话。,Pause filler停顿补白,在一些场景，当前说话人还有话想继续说，不想放弃当前的话轮,大部分借助连词“或者其他可引导分句的词,如but,and,因此，那么”，however, when, since,because, anyway等,发话变成未完成,这些词在会话分析中被称为未完成标志(in-completion marker)。,Utterance incompletor话语未完成成分,A:We can all march down there and tell him hes got the street against him. We could do that.B: What good would that do?,Mr.Kay:So what are you doing these days?Mr.Danby:Trying to catch up with my work,mainly,but.it was very nice to get your invitation.Anyway,you must come over for a drink sometime.(Coe,1981:174),小郭老师：看书既表达了朗读，也表达了默读。,使用预先告知话轮长度的词语，减少说话人抢夺说话权的可能性，从而保持话轮，可利用“first,second,third, on the one hand, there are two points Id like to make，第一-，第二”等词语向受话人示意有好多话要说。,control the length of turn-taking 控制话轮长度,T: Today we will learn the meanings of the word appreciate”.The first meaning is, the second meaning is.,该iuh,ause filler停顿补白,All this was done, um, um, by kind of lettin gum, well, really by just um, um sort of um.,停顿是会话中常见的语言现象，会话者因回忆、思考或犹豫等原因，一时出现语塞。停顿补白有效填补了话轮内 出现的停顿，避免了冷场和尴尬，同时说话人可借以思考下文，起到拖延的作用。可以利用停顿补白类似于er, well ,you know ,um，”let me think，,江海股份iuhgi,repetition 言语重复,I mean it doesnt make any difference if, if, if youve got five thousand quid, um, um， five thousand quid is no good to you, everything costs,fifty percent more than it did.,展博:姐，你认为曾小贤怎么样？胡一菲：烂，烂到无以复加，丑，丑到无法形容,Nominatoin指定说话人,Self-selection without limited topic,Turn-yielding放弃话轮,Self-selection with limited topic,Nominatoin指定说话人,用名字或特殊称谓指定下一轮的新话轮，当前说话人掌握了话语主动权，谈话话题被当前说话人所限制。,A：张先生，会议开始了。 B：好的。那我宣布*会议正式开始。首先-,Waiter：What can I do for you, sir? Customer： Id like some-,A：主任，您知道原因吗？ B：这件事的原因是-,Self-selection with limited topic,一人以提问某些问题或者给出某个话题（问候、道歉、请求等），由想知道答案或想要参与回答的人继续其话题。当前说话人没有指明下个说话者姓名与称谓，但是限定了话题,Can anyone of you describe the picture?,杨澜：在风险投资这个领域，您认为做的比较漂亮的一宗是什么案子？柳传志：我们做了有几宗漂亮的吧，一个就是关于软件外包的，一个是专 做日本的，一个是专做欧美的。这两个做的非常成功，这个就是 我们投下去以后又很多翻倍。这个利用汇报，而企业本身由一个 中小规模变成一个相当大规模的企业。,Self-selection without limited topic,当前说话人没有指明下个说话者的姓名与称谓，并且没有限定话题,下个说话者可以谈论自己感兴趣的话题,A：-Thats my view on how to deal with finicial crisis.B: I want to add something to your advice.,柳传志：你跟杨元庆不知道怎么 样，英文的水准可是非 同一般啦。杨澜：对。柳传志：真是杨澜：那也是给逼出来了。,A:Whats it?B:What is it? Its a big exposition center .overlap,唐悠悠：欸，关谷，如果真的要你来回答我们是怎么好上的，你会怎么说？关谷：- nomination,Who would like to answer these question? limited topic,Dane:What is your last name, George?George:Bush. nomination,主持人：谢谢。我们这么多的嘉宾都谈了他们的观点，奚先生你最同意其中的哪个？奚先生：我都同意他们。主持人：这时赢得客户的手段 不限题,Lora:这么多年来，我见过无数个男人。虽然你不是其中最高大最幽默，也不是最英俊最强壮，更不是最有钱，最成功，最成熟，最浪漫，最温柔，最可爱，最神秘，最忧郁，最勇敢，最性感曾小贤：我说，这段能不能跳过。控制话轮长度，打断,Turn-taking control strategies,turn-claiming夺取话轮,turn-holding把持话轮,turn-yielding放弃话轮,Overlap重叠,Insertion插入,Interruption打断,Utterance incompletor 话语未完成成分,Incompletion marker 话语未结束标志,Control the length of turn-taking 控制话轮长度,Pause filler停顿补白,Repetition 言语重复,Nominatoin 指定说话人,Summary,Self-selection without limited topic,Self-selection with limited topic,
