陶渊明诗词英文翻译及讲解ppt课件.ppt

1,Tao Yuanming,Sujie LiSchool of English, BISU2016-11-2,2,Historical background,The cultural scene of the Eastern Jin （317-420）The territory of the Eastern Jin was much diminished, with the North fallen under the rule of rival states, and the southwest (modern Sichuan) dominated by the Cheng-Han kingdom until 347; but territorial reduction is not necessarily proportionate to intellectual vigor and cultural splendor. The Eastern Jin and the ensuing four dynasties in the South Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen represent a richness of cultural accomplishment on a scale unparalleled in pre-Tang China.,3,Jiankang （建康） was to grow into a thriving metropolis, the worlds most populated city in the early sixth century, with a population twice that of Constantinople, and, above all, a dazzling cultural and intellectual center that lasted until a northern dynasty, the Sui, united China in 589 and ordered the city razed to the ground.六朝时期的建康城是世界上第一个人口超过百万的城市，以建康为代表的南朝文化，与西方的古罗马被称为人类古典文明的两大中心，在人类历史上产生了极其深远的影响。建康城规模极其庞大，以建康皇宫（建康台城）为中心，无外郭城，东西各四十里，人口众多。The south, for the first time in Chinese history, ceased being a periphery to the heartland in the Yellow River valley.,4,The wide use of paper: By the fourth century, paper was becoming the most important writing medium. Lightweight and easy to use, it contributed to the proliferation of writing. （140 writers recorded in 隋书，almost twice that of Han writers）The convergence of diverse influences: arcane discourse on Laozi and Zhuangzi (Daoism), Buddhism, practicalityRelative peace and social stability: During these centuries, the south remained mostly free from large-scale war and destruction, offering an opportunity for literary and scholarly undertakings.,5,Important literary development,Poetry: a transition from four-character lines to fiveProse: Even more than poetry, prose played a prominent role in the social world. Fu(赋），history (史） Zhiguai （志怪)， “strange tales” or “anomaly accounts” ，that gave account of supernatural phenomena, exotic locales, and fantastic flora and fauna（paradoxography）. This new genre came into maturity in the Eastern Jin, with Gan Baos In Search of the Supernatural (Soushen ji，干宝，搜神记) as its representative work. landscape representation in prose, poetry, and painting 山水诗，山水画，（曹操）、陶渊明、谢灵运，王羲之 two main topics: “wandering like an immortal”, “becoming a recluse”The southern yuefu songs 南朝乐府民歌 木兰诗,6,In the hands of the late Eastern Jin poet Tao Yuanming (365?427, also known as Tao Qian), the conventional vocabulary and images of poems on reclusion were transformed into a much more personalized poetry not only about the poets decision to withdraw from public service, but, more importantly, about how he lived and struggled with his decision from day to day. Tao Yuanmings writings were a testimony to discovering and justifying the values of private life as opposed to the demands of the public world; this aspect of his work was deeply embedded in the cultural and intellectual contexts of his age.,7,Tao Yuanming,8,A brief introduction,陶渊明（352或365年427年），字元亮，又名潜，字渊明，自号“五柳先生”，去世后友人私谥“靖节” ，世称“靖节先生”、“陶靖节”，浔阳柴桑（今江西省九江市）人。东晋末至南朝宋初期伟大的诗人、辞赋家。曾任江州祭酒、建威参军、镇军参军、彭泽县令等职，最末一次出仕为彭泽县令，八十多天便弃职而去，从此归隐田园。他是中国第一位田园诗人，被称为“古今隐逸诗人之宗”，著有陶渊明集。The career of Tao Yuanming or Tao Qian was divided between the Jin and Song dynasties. He was born at Chaisang in Xunyang, now Jiujiang in Jiangxi, became a minor official at 29 and then resigned to till the land. Unable to support his family, he was persuaded to accept the magistracy of Pengze. When 80 days later it was suggested he spruce himself up for a visit from his superior he retorted, “ I will not bow down to a country boy for five pecks of rice,” and immediately left for home, abandoning his post. Even in seclusion he was hounded by misfortune. His house burned down when he was 44, and his last two decades were passed in destitution, though he refused official aid with contempt.,9,饮酒其五,结庐在人境，而无车马喧。问君何能尔？心远地自偏。采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。,10,Poems on Drinking Wine杨宪益 戴乃迭 译,I have built my cottage amongst the throng of men,And yet there is no noise of horse and of carriage.You ask me, how can it be? And I reply:When my heart is absent the lace itself is absent;For I pick chrysanthemums under the eastern hedge,And far away to the south I can see the mountains, And the mountains mists are lovely at morning and evening,While birds keep flying across and back again.In all these things there lies a profound meaning.I was going to explainbut now I forget what it was.,11,Drinking Wine (V)许渊冲 译,In peoples haunt I build my cot;Of wheels and hoofs noise I hear not.How can it leave on me no trace?Secluded heart makes secluded place.I pick fenceside asters at will;Carefree appears the Southern HillThe mountain airs fresh day and night;Together birds go home in flight.What revelation at this view?Words fail me if I try to tell you.,12,桃花源记,13,Among Tao Yuanmings prose pieces, “The Record of Peach Blossom Spring” (Taohuayuan ji) is one of the most beloved texts in classical Chinese literature. It describes a utopian community where there are no usual social constraints such as taxation and hierarchy, and every one lives in contentment. Hidden away in the mountains, the community is accidentally discovered by a fisherman. Later, the fisherman tries to retrace his steps, but he can never find the community again. The story of the Peach Blossom Spring has inspired numerous writings in later times and become a minor literary tradition in itself.,14,桃花源记,晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行，忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林，夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷，渔人甚异之。复前行，欲穷其林。林尽水源，便得一山，山有小口，仿佛若有光。便舍船，从口入。初极狭，才通人。复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人。黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。具答之。便要还家，设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人，咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱，率妻子邑人来此绝境，不复出焉，遂与外人间隔。问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻，皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家，皆出酒食。停数日，辞去。此中人语云：“不足为外人道也。”既出，得其船，便扶向路，处处志之。及郡下，诣太守，说如此。太守即遣人随其往，寻向所志，遂迷，不复得路。南阳刘子骥，高尚士也，闻之，欣然规往。未果，寻病终，后遂无问津者。,15,A Tale of the Fountain of the Peach Blossom Spring,In the year of Taiyuan of the Jin Dynasty, there lived a man in Wuling jun who earned his living by fishing. One day, he rowed his boat along a stream, unaware of how far he had gone when all of a sudden, he found himself in the midst of a wood full of peach blossoms. The wood extended several hundred footsteps along both banks of the stream. There were no trees of other kinds. The lush grass was fresh and beautiful and peach petals fell in riotous profusion. The fisherman was so curious that he rowed on, in hopes of discovering where the trees ended.,16,At the end of the wood was the fountainhead of the stream. The fisherman beheld a hill, with a small opening from which issued a glimmer of light. He stepped ashore to explore the crevice. His first steps took him into a passage that accommodated only the width of one person. After he progressed about scores of paces, it suddenly widened into an open field. The land was flat and spacious. There were houses arranged in good order with fertile fields, beautiful ponds, bamboo groves, mulberry trees and paths crisscrossing the fields in all directions. The crowing of cocks and the barking of dogs were within everyones earshot. In the fields the villagers were busy with farm work. Men and women were dressed like people outside. They all, old and young, appeared happy.,17,They were surprised at seeing the fisherman, who, being asked where he came from, answered their every question. Then they invited him to visit their homes, killed chickens, and served wine to entertain him. As the words of his arrival spread, the entire village turned out to greet him. They told him that their ancestors had come to this isolated haven, bringing their families and the village people, to escape from the turmoil during the Qin Dynasty and that from then onwards, they had been cut off from the outside world. They were curious to know what dynasty it was now. They did not know the Han Dynasty, not to mention the Wei and the Jin dynasties. The fisherman told them all the things they wanted to know. They sighed. The villagers offered him one feast after another. They entertained him with wine and delicious food. After several days, the fisherman took his leave. The village people entreated him not to let others know of their existence.,18,Once out, the fisherman found his boat and rowed homeward, leaving marks all the way. When he came back to the jun, he reported his adventure to the prefect, who immediately sent people to look for the place, with the fisherman as a guide. However, the marks he had left could no longer be found. They got lost and could not find the way. Liu Ziji of Nanyang jun, a learned scholar of high repute, was excited when he heard the fishermans story. He devised a plan to find the village, but it was not carried out. Liu died soon afterwards, and after his death, no one else made any attempt to find it.,19,桃花源的重要影响,1. 早期乌托邦。基于现实运用想象勾勒出的一副理想社会的图景。“直于污浊世界中另辟一天地”。在桃花源中，只有父子无君臣，人人劳动无剥削，大家平等无压迫，和平幸福无战乱，这些都是对当时社会的不满和否定，“世外桃源”成为人们心目中理想社会的代称，对后世影响深远。An early form of the utopia. 2. 以渔夫和桃花源中的人进行对比，肯定了桃花源中人的淳朴热情，婉讽了世俗的背约寡信和邀名号利。3. 文章还在虚构的情节中杂以真人姓名，以增强其真实感，似早期的报告文学。4. 叙述简洁明畅，语言清新省净，文风真率自然，毫无雕饰，体现了陶渊明文章疏朗清淡的风格。,20,Significance of Tao Yuanming,The personalized voice of a poetTao Yuanming is certainly not the first Chinese poet to write poems on reclusion, but his uniqueness lies in the fact that he transforms the conventional vocabulary and stock images of poetry on reclusion into a highly personalized poetry, and combines traditional themes and forms with a complex individual voice. More than anyone before him, his poetry alludes to the particular circumstances of the poet in the historical here and now rather than to a generic gentleman-recluse. Such gestures of individuation can be seen as part of a larger discursive tendency from the third century on. Tao Yuanming, however, integrates the narrative element into his poetry itself, making it effectively a poetry of autobiography, even if this autobiography is a highly constructed self-image rather than an “objective” documentary.,21,Simplicity in language and style:In contrast with the formal social verse written by his contemporaries, Tao Yuanming used a simple, unpretentious language to record the events of daily life as well as his thoughts and feelings. The simplicity of his style should not, however, obscure the poets self-consciousness and sophistication, which are rarely found in his contemporaries rhetorically more elaborate, but emotionally less complicated, writings.,22,Innovation in subject matterTao Yuanming introduced new topics into his poetry, such as begging, moving house, encountering a fire, and harvesting dry rice. He was the first known poet to extensively use calendar dates in his often lengthy and descriptive poem titles, which became a common practice in later times.,23,More complex than simply a pastoral poetTao Yuanming is sometimes described as writing a poetry of “fields and gardens.” If so, this is no innocent poetry extolling pastoral pleasures or the harmony between nature and man: in his poems, weeds are forever threatening to overwhelm the fragile human order imposed on farmland, and a farmer must remain vigilant to keep the forces of nature at bay. He must also conserve his resources and take stock. His poems are in many ways a defense of private values against public values, the personal fulfillment and happiness of an individual against the claims of public life.,24,在他的170首中国诗集里，阿瑟 威利称陶渊明为“中国隐士中最突出的隐士”(the greatest of Chinese hermit poets)（Arthur Waley, A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems (1918)北大教授王瑶评价陶渊明在中国文学史上的地位，认为“昭然在人耳目。仅由陶集注本之多一点而言，及足见此。”A poet philosopher,25,The End,