十八世纪启蒙时期英国文学ppt课件.ppt

Part Four The 18th CenturyThe Age of Enlightenment in England1688-1798,十八世纪 英国启蒙时期the Age of Reason,1. The literature of the 18th century was dominated by the interests of contending parties,The Whigs: determined to safeguard popular liberty;The Tories: conservative, would leave as much authority as possible in the royal hands;,3. The development of social life,The first half of the 18th century England saw the appearance of a large number of public coffeehouses and private clubs. Nearly all writers frequented the coffeehouses, and matters discussed there became subjects of literature. Hence the enormous amount of 18th-century writing devoted to transient affairs, to politics, fashions, and gossip.,Literary Development,1. Neo-classicism2. sentimentalism3. Modern novel4. Romanticism5. English drama,概述,英国文学史上的启蒙运动是英国文学18世纪产生的一种进步思潮。启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为理性的时代.在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A. Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison).,The Enlightenment in Europe,A progressive intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe. The guiding principle or slogan is Ration/Reason, natural right and equality. Ration became standard for measurement of everything.An expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind.Called for universal education: a continuation of Renaissance in belief in the possibility of human perfection through education.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.,概述,1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。 18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大蒲柏（Alexander Pope, 1688-1744）是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感情。,1. Neoclassicism 新古典主义,The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works, this tendency is known as neoclassicism.The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, such as Homer.Addison, Steele, Pope belonged to this school.,General Introduction,This period extends from 1688 to 1798, the year when Wordsworth and Coleridge published their Lyrical Ballads. It was the time when the dominant literary theory is neoclassicism. By Samuel Johnsons death in 1784, neoclassicism came to a decline and romanticism began to emerge. The last years of the 18th century saw the beginning of Romanticism in the works of Pre-Romantic poets as Burns, and Blake.,散文,18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。理查德斯梯尔（Richard Steele, 1672-1729）与约瑟夫艾迪生（Joseph Addison, 1672-1719）创办闲谈者（Tatler）与观察者（Spectator）刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。 Tatler ttl spectator spekteit,小说,18世纪被称为“散文世纪”的另一个原因是小说的兴起。 丹尼尔笛福（Daniel Defoe, 1660-1731）的鲁滨逊漂流记（Robinson Crusoe）采用写实的手法，描写主人公在孤岛上的生活，塑造了一个资产阶级开拓者和殖民主义者形象，具有时代精神。这部小说被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作，为笛福赢得“英国小说之父”的称号。,乔纳森斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有力。斯威夫特的杰作格列佛游记（Gullivers Travels）是一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内容。作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。,现实主义小说在亨利菲尔丁（Henry Fielding, 1707-1754）的笔下得到进一步发展。他的汤姆琼斯（Tom Jones）故事在乡村、路途及伦敦三个不同背景下展开，向读者展现了当时英国社会风貌的全景图。小说以代表自然本性的汤姆与代表理智、智慧的索菲娅终成眷属结尾，表达了感情要受理性节制的思想。全书共十八卷，每卷都以作者对小说艺术的讨论开始，表现出菲尔丁对小说创作的一种理论上的自觉意识。,与菲尔丁同时代的塞缪尔理查逊（Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761）采用书信体创作了帕米拉（Pamela）、克拉丽莎（Clarissa Harlowe）。他将视角投入年轻女主人公的内心深处，心理刻画淋漓尽致，令读者潸然泪下。托比亚斯斯摩莱特（Tobias Smollett, 1721-1771）是18世纪中叶颇具特色的小说家。他的蓝登传（The Adventures of Roderick Random）继承欧洲流浪汉小说传统，布局松散，是一连串发展迅速、好恶交替、变化急剧的冒险经历的组合。,劳伦斯斯特恩（Lawrence Sterne, 1713-1768）的项狄传（The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy）打破传统小说叙述模式，写法奇特。小说各章长短不一，有的甚至是空白。书中充满长篇议论和插话，并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。斯特恩对小说形式的实验引起20世纪俄国形式主义批评家的注意，项狄传被认为是“世界文学中最典型的小说”。评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。,感伤主义,18世纪中叶，英国发生了工业革命。许多作家对资本主义工业化发展给大自然和农村传统生活方式带来的破坏发出悲哀的感叹，以大自然和情感为主题的感伤主义作品一度流行。 奥利弗哥尔德斯密斯（Oliver Goldsmith, 1730-1774）的长诗荒村（The Deserted Village）是感伤主义诗歌的杰作。,托马斯格雷（Thomas Gray, 1716-1771）的墓园哀歌（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）表达诗人对时代纷乱状态的厌恶和对“自然简朴安排”的向往，吐露了他们的内心感受。英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱新古典主义的束缚，理性的优势地位为感情或感受所代替。,前浪漫主义思潮,18世纪末、19世纪初，英国诗风大变。 苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特彭斯（Robert Burns, 1759-1796）给英国诗坛带来一股新鲜的气息。他的抒情诗自然生动、感情真挚，讽刺诗尖锐锋利、妙趣横生。 威廉布莱克（William Blake, 1757-1827）是版画家兼诗人，想象奇特，极富个性。他的短诗意象鲜明，语言清新，后期的长诗内容比较晦涩。他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系，具有神秘主义色彩。布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。,2. Sentimentalism 感伤主义,Sentimentalism indulged in emotion and sentiment. Criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions and the Industrial Revolution. They react against anything rational and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reason.Thomas Gray, Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Stern, Samuel Richardson are representatives of this school.,3. The beginning of modern novel,Modern English novel began in the 18th century and gave the world such novelists as Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne.Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.,Realist novel : bourgeois in essence - subject matter, - readership, - didactic（教诲的） purpose, - form (prose, comic epic); - Samuel Richardsons Pamela (epistolary书信体), Defoes Robinson Crusoe, Henry Fieldings Joseph Andrews (comic epic in prose), Tom Jones (picaresque以歹徒为题材的), Smollett (sea novel), Sterne (sentimentality), Goldsmith, etc.,The most famous writers of this school are William Blake and Robert Burns. Pre-romanticism found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”.,Gothic Novel (from mid-18th century) against the rigid rationality principle emphasis on the irrational and dark side of human nature: the imaginative, the supernatural, the discarded（遗弃） Medieval castle,“Gothic novel” 哥特小说,Set in the medieval period; others set them in a Catholic country. The locale was often a gloomy castle furnished with dungeons地牢, winding passages, and sliding panels; the typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel and lustful villain. made use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, sensational and supernatural occurrences. The principal aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror by exploiting mystery and a variety of horrors.,5. English drama in the 18th century,The English drama of the 18th century did not reach the same high level as its novel, but it experienced a brief flowering in the second half of this century. The greatest dramatist of this period is Richard Brinsley Sheridan, best remembered for his The School for Scandal.Sheridan ridn,Characteristics of Early/Pre-Romanticism,Romanticism has five prominent characteristics:The Romantic Movement was a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom, which generally tend to fetter the free human spirit.Romanticism returned to nature and to plain humanity for its material.,3. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules.,Alexander Pope (1688-1744),Alexander Pope 亚历山大蒲柏,Pope is known as a great poet in his day. He exerted much influence upon the other writers of his age. He popularized the neoclassical literary tradition, brought from France. He was one of the early representatives of the Enlightenment who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism.He was a great satirist and a literary critic who occupied a prominent place in his time. The early period of the 18th century has often been named after him as “The Age of Pope”. satirist strist,life story,Born to a Roman Catholic family in 1688, Pope was educated mostly at home, in part due to laws in force at the time upholding the status of the established Church of England. From early childhood he suffered numerous health problems, including Potts disease (a form of tuberculosis affecting the spine which deformed his body and stunted his growth, no doubt helping to end his life at the relatively young age of 56 in 1744. He never grew beyond 1.37m (4ft 6in).,His Major Works,the Pastorals (1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on Criticism (1711) （论批评 ）a poem written in heroic couplets outlining critical tastes and standards;The Rape of the Lock (1714)（卷发遇劫记）, a mock-heroic(模仿英雄诗文体的 ) poem ridiculing the fashionable world of his day; Essay on Man(人论)第一次把人作为专门议题来赞美和探讨。The Dunciad（愚人记 /群愚史诗）,the Essay on Criticism批评论/论批评,用英雄双韵体写成的说教诗。Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 天使不敢涉足的地方, 蠢人却蜂拥而前 o err is human to forgive divine 犯错者为人，谅错者为神。A Little learning is a dangerous thing一知半解是危险的事。,The Rape of the Lock,1712年他写作了长篇讽刺诗夺发记，1714年又补充了两章。这首诗描写一家男孩偷剪了另一家女孩的一绺金发，因为此事引起两家的争执。蒲柏把此事描写得和伊利亚特中特洛伊战争一样壮观，写成了一部英雄史诗。,英译荷马的The Iliad 伊利亚特和奥德赛Odyssey 。The Dunciad（愚人记 /群愚史诗）一首四卷的讽刺诗,Essay on Man(人论),用英雄双韵体写成的哲理诗。由四封写给当时哲学家的信笺组成。One truth is clear, whatever is , is right.一个事实毋庸置疑，凡存在的，必合理。,Features and Limitation,A master of heroic couplet. In writing heroic couplets, no one has been able to approach him.Pope lacks lyrical gift（缺乏抒情天赋）, artificial（造作） and obscure（晦涩）. His satire is not always just. But William Blake considered his works as elegant formalism while Byron thought highly of him.,Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)乔纳森斯威夫特,His lifeThe most powerful satirist of the age (his pamphlets)Have no equal at pamphlet writingsatirist strist,His Life,He was born in Dublin in 1667. His father died before he was born, and his mother was poor, and his relatives helped him, but grudgingly. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, but he detested the routine curriculum, reading only thing appealing to his nature. He was often at war with authorities.Between 1689 and 1699 he worked as a private secretary to a distant kinsman Sir William Temple.,While the nobleman feared the lash of his pen, the common folk felt the warmth of his kindness.Remembering how he had suffered in his youth, he tried to help every young man of talent who seemed deserving.He was afflicted by a brain illness from his early youth and he did not marry. His disease ended in madness and he died in 1745 in great misery.In his will, he bequeathed all his property to a mad-house in Dublin. It is now still there, called “Dr. Swifts Madhouse”.,His main works,A tale of a Tub (1704): in the form of a parable（寓言）. A satire upon all religious sects of Christianity. 木桶的故事The Battle of the Books （1704): unfinished. An attack on pedantry（迂腐，假学者） in the literary world of the time by the story of the Bee and the Spider. 书籍的战斗 书战,Bickerstaff Almanac比克斯塔夫历书almanac :lmnkn.历书；年鉴,Gullivers Travels (1726) 格列佛游记A Modest proposal (1729) 一个温和的建议The Drapiers Letters (1724-1725) 德拉皮尔的信,Gullivers Travels,Gullivers Travels relates the adventures of Lemuel Gulliver, （Gulliver liv ）an English surgeon, who, in the first quarter of the 18th century, embarks on four voyages to unknown parts of the world. In each case, events beyond his control interrupt his progress: a storm at sea, the cowardice of his shipmates, the cruelty of pirates, and the treachery of his own sailors.,He is stranded in Lilliput, a land of very small people; in Brobdingnag, a land of giants; in Laputa, Balninarbi, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg, and Japan, lands of scientific speculation and magic; and finally in the land of the Houyhnhnms, where degenerate humans serve as beasts of burden for a master race of horses.,Gullivers Travel,Four Parts: The 1st part: Gullivers travels in Lilliput (Swift satirized the Tories and the Whigs by the use of high and low heels. Religious disputes were laughed at by the problem which divided the Lilliputians: “Should the egg be broken at the big end or the little end?”) The 2nd part: the voyage to Brobdingnag. ( Gulliver laughed at the strutting and bowing of English lords and ladies) The 3rd part: the Flying Island-the Island of Sorcerors. A satire on philosophers and projectors, who lived in the air. The 4th part: the bitterest satire. In the country of horses, where horses were possessed of reason, and were the governing class, while the Yahoos, though in the shape of man, were brute beasts with vices. He praised the life and virtues of the horses while he was disgusted with the Yahoos, whose relations reminded him of those existing in English society.,Introduction,Swifts greatest satire work, Gullivers Travels, is written in 1726, the book has not lost its significance to the present day and can be justly ranked among the best novel of world literature.,Plot and Major Characters,Written in the form of a travel journal, Gullivers Travels is the fictional account of four extraordinary voyages made by Lemuel Gulliver, a physician who signs on to serve as a ships surgeon when he is unable to provide his family with a sufficient income in London.,Gulliver makes our deep-sea voyages, which are described in the four parts of the book.,Lilliput 利立浦特(小人国）,Laputa（飞岛国）,Brobdingnag布罗丁奈格（大人国）,Houyhnhnms 慧马国,First voyage-Lilliput（利立普特）,On the very first voyage, Gulliver is shipwrecked.,Of all the ships crew he alone survives. He swims to the shore of a strange land, inhabited by Lilliputians, the tallest of whom is six inches high.,When bending my eyes downward as much as I could, I perceived a human not six inches high!,The king of lilliput,Little by little he gets used to their life and even takes part in the war with the neighbouring state of Blefuseu.,Treason叛国罪,Major themes,The first voyage has been interpreted as an allegorical(讽喻的) satire of the political events of the early eighteenth century, a commentary on the moral state of England.The war with the tiny neighboring island represents Englands rivalry（对抗） between Whigs and Tories.,water-tower,Second voyage-Brobdingnag（布罗丁奈格）,Gulliver finally escapes Lilliput and returns briefly to England before a second voyage takes him to Brobdingnag. While on shore, Gulliver is captured by giants, each of whom is the size of a .,On the whole, the Brobdingnagians are good-natured creatures, and they treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his tiny size and looked upon him as a plaything.,Gulliver,Compare with Lilliput, the Brobdingnagians have an enlightened monarch（开明的君主）. She often interrogates（询问） Gulliver on European affairs.,Gulliver abruptly departs Brobdingnag when a giant eagle flies off with him and drops him in the ocean. （2 years）,Third voyage-Laputa （勒普它岛）,He soon embarks on his third voyage to the flying island of Laputa,Laputa is a mysterious land inhabited by scientists, magicians, and sorcerers（男巫） who engage in ridiculous experiment.,The intellectuals of Laputa were far too busy having great thoughts to be burdening with the chores of farming. So they just flying over la