十七世纪英国文学史ppt课件.ppt

Lecture 3 The Seventeenth Century,Lecturer: Li Enqing,I. Social Background,The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous动荡的 periods in English history. Conflicts and clashes appeared between the King and the Parliament, which represented the bourgeois class.In 1642, a civil war (English revolution) broke out between Charles I and the parliament. At last, the royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by Oliver Cromwell. In 1649 Charles I was beheaded, and England was declared to be a commonwealth.After the death of Cromwell, the parliament recalled Charlesto England in 1660 and monarchy was restored, then followed the Restoration Period. In 1688, the bourgeoisie invite William, prince of Orange; form Holland to be king of England. This is called the “Glorious Revolution”. This bloodless event completed the bourgeoisie revolution and modern England was firmly established.,Reigns in the 17th Century,II. The English Revolution and Puritanism,The English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak. So, English revolution also called the Puritan revolution清教革命. The Puritan Movement aimed to make man honest and to make man free. Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during this period. It preached thrift勤俭, sobriety节制, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. So in the triumph of Puritanism under Cromwell, severe laws were passed, many simple pleasures were forbidden and an austere standard of living was forced upon an unwilling people. The London theaters were closed in 1642. The whole spirit of the movement: fighting for liberty and justice，overthrowing despotism暴政 and making mens life and property safe from the tyranny专制 of rulers.,III. Literature of the 17th century,1. PoetryMetaphysical PoetsCavalier PoetsJohn Milton2. Prose John Bunyan Other prose-writers 3. DramaRestoration Drama John Dryden (1631-1700),1.1 The Metaphysical poetry玄学派诗歌,The term is commonly used to name the work of the 17th writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Representatives:John Donne (1572-1631)George Herbert (1593-1633) is the saint of the Metaphysical School(玄学派诗圣). His chief work is a collection called The Temple神殿, which includes his 160 short poems.,Features of Metaphysical poetry,The general features of the school are: 1) the diction is simple and echoes the words and cadences节奏 of common speech; 2) the imagery is drawn from the actual life yet subtle, the extended metaphors for such images are typically called “metaphysical conceits”; 3) the form is frequently that of an argument with the poets beloved, with God, or with himself.,Conceit,Conceit (奇喻):an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. By juxtaposing, usurping and manipulating images and ideas in surprising ways, a conceit invites the reader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object of comparison.,John Donne (1573-1631),John Donne (1573-1631) is the founder of the Metaphysical School. Donne is famous for his frankness, penetrating realism and cynicism. He emphasizes his thought by fantastic metaphors and extravagant hyperboles.,In subject, his poems show a seemingly unfocused diversity of experience and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods. The most striking feature of his poetry is its concern of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world. Donne frequently applies conceits, and his poetry involves a kind of argument with the brief and simple language.,John Donne (1573-1631),John Donnes masterpiece is Songs and Sonnets歌曲与十四行诗, among which The Sun Rising and The Flea are the two most famous poems.Me it sucked first, and now sucks thee,And in this flea our two bloods mingled be;Thou knowst that this cannot be saidA sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead,.Oh stay,for three lives in one flea spare,Where we almost, nay more than married, are.This flea is you and I, and thisOur marriage bed and marriage temple is; （From The Flea）,A VALEDICTION OF WEEPING,LET me pour forthMy tears before thy face, whilst I stay here,For thy face coins them, and thy stamp they bear,And by this mintage they are something worth. For thus they be Pregnant of thee ;Fruits of much grief they are, emblems of more ;When a tear falls, that thou fallst which it bore ;So thou and I are nothing then, when on a divers shore.我在这里时， 让我把泪水洒在你的面前； 你的脸把泪水铸成钱，打上了印记， 经过这番铸造，泪水就成了有价值的东西， 因为泪水这样 怀着你的模样； 泪水是许多悲哀的果实，更多的象征 当一滴泪滴下那个你也掉落在其中 于是你和我都是虚无，在不同的海岸上小停。,A VALEDICTION: FORBIDDING MOURNING As virtuous men pass mildly away, 正如有德行的人安详别逝 And whisper to their souls, to go, 轻声向灵魂辞安 Whilst some of their sad friends do say, 悲伤的友人或伤逝 “The breath goes now,” and some say, “No:” 叹其气，绝其魂，亦有说不然 So let us melt, and make no noise, 就让我们轻声说话，不要喧哗， No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move; 不要泪涌如潮，不要凄声哀鸣； Twere profanation of our joys 那是对我们欢乐的亵渎， To tell the laity our love. 让俗人知道我们的爱。 Moving of th earth brings harms and fears; 地动带来伤害，叫人害怕， Men reckon what it did, and meant; 人们推其为 断其意But trepidation of the spheres, 天体震动，虽然威力更大 Though greater far, is innocent. 却对什么都没有损伤。Dull sublunary lovers love 乏味的凡情俗爱 (Whose soul is sense) cannot admit （感官为上）最忌Absence, because it doth remove 别离，因为情人分开， Those things which elemented it. 爱的根基就会破碎支离。,But we by a love so much refind, 但我们的爱纯净无比， That ourselves know not what it is, 我们自己也不知那是什么东西， Inter-assured of the mind, 打心里头相互信任 Care less, eyes, lips, and hands to miss. 不在乎肉体分离。Our two souls therefore, which are one, 因而，我俩灵魂合一， Though I must go, endure not yet 我纵须远离，不违爱诺，A breach, but an expansion, 而是一种延展， Like gold to airy thinness beat. 宛如黄金锻展成轻飘韧箔。 If they be two, they are two so 若说是二为二体，应如 As stiff twin compasses are two; 绷直双脚的圆规般；Thy soul, the fixd foot, makes no show 你的心灵是一只脚，固定不移， To move, but doth, if the other do. 但另一只脚移动，你便随之转动。,And though it in the center sit, 虽然一只脚坐镇中心，Yet when the other far doth roam, 但当另一只脚在外游离，It leans and harkens after it, 它就侧过身去倾听，And grows erect as that comes home. 当那只脚回到家，它又把腰杆直起。wilt thou be to me, who must, 这就是你和我的关系，我必须，Like th other foot, obliquely run; 像另一只脚，斜走侧踮，Thy firmness makes my circle just, 你的坚定能使我的圆圈圆得完美，And makes me end where I begun. 让我的游离结束在我开始的地点。,Other metaphysical poets,George Herbert (1593-1633)“the saint of the metaphysical school”极为虔诚的国教牧师，其诗常有牵强的奇喻，晦涩难懂。有时采取具象诗的形式表现其虔诚。“The Easter Wing” (具象诗)Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)To His Coy Mistress (及时行乐的思想)Henry Vaughan (1622-1695)Richard Crashaw (1612-1649),EASTER WINGS,Lord, who createdst man in wealth and store, Though foolishly he lost the same, Till he became Most poor: With thee O, let me rise As larks, harmoniously, And sing this day thy victories: Then shall the fall further the flight in me. My Tender age in sorrow did begin: And still with sicknesses and shame Thou didst so punish sin, That I became Most thin. With thee Let me combine, And feel this day thy victory; For, if I imp my wing on thine, Affliction shall advance the flight in me.,1.2 Cavalier Poets,A broad description of a school of English poets of the 17th century, who came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War. Much of their poetry is light in style, and generally secular in subject. They were marked out by their lifestyle and religion from the Roundheads, who supported Parliament and were often Puritans.Cavalier poetry was associated with the royalist cause and therefore reflected royalist values. The cavalier poets were retrospective and nostalgic. The poetry celebrates beauty, love, nature, sensuality, drinking, elegance, and often ironic ease.,Cavalier Poetry,Cavalier Poetry is filled with direct language and clear-cut expressions and images, whereas metaphysical poetry uses complicated metaphors and unfeasible imagery. The strength of Cavalier poetry was in its shortness and directness. It was easy to understand and did not confuse the readers with intricate imagery and deep meaning. Although short and somewhat simple, cavalier poetry was supposed to coincide with their motto “Carpe Diem” translating to “seize the day.” Representatives:Sir John Suckling (1609-1642)Richard Lovelace (1618-1657)Thomas Carew (1595-1639)Robert Herrick (1591-1674).,Robert Herrick (1591-1674),7th child of Nicholas Herrick, a prosperous goldsmith;Entered Cambridge in 1613, graduated a Bachelor of Arts in 1617, and Master of Arts in 1620. Became the eldest of the Sons of Ben, Cavalier poets who idolized Ben Jonson, mixing in literary circles in London. On April 24, 1623 Herrick was ordained an Episcopal minister主教牧师and acted as chaplain专职教士 to Buckingham. In 1629 he was appointed by Charles I to the living of Dean Prior in the diocese of Exeter, a post he reluctantly accepted. In 1647, under the Commonwealth, he was expelled from the priory by the Protectorate government, and returned to London. In 1648 Herrick published his major collection, Hesperides 金苹果园, consisting of 1200 poems. With the restoration in 1660 he was returned to Devon where he died in 1674 at the age of eighty-three.,To Daffodils By Robert HerrickFair Daffodils, we weep to seeYou haste away so soon;As yet the early-rising SunHas not attained his noon.Stay, stay,Until the hasting dayHas runBut to the even-songAnd, having prayed together, weWill go with you along.We have short time to stay, as youWe have as short a spring;As quick a growth to meet decay,As you, or anything.We die,As your hours do, and dryAway,Like to the summers rain,Or as the pearls of mornings dew,Never to be found again.,咏黄水仙花 郭沫若 译美的黄水仙，凋谢得太快，我们感觉着悲哀；连早晨出来的太阳都还没有上升到天盖。停下来，停下来，等匆忙的日脚跑进黄昏的暮霭；在那时共同祈祷着，在回家的路上徘徊。我们也只有短暂的停留，青春的易逝堪忧；我们方生也就方死，和你们一样，一切都要罢休。你们谢了，我们也要去了，如同夏雨之骤，或如早晨的露珠，永无痕迹可求。,1.3 John Milton (1608-1674),Life and literary careerEarly Life(1608-1640)Education at CambridgeHis first work: an ode On the Morning of Christs Nativity（基督诞生晨颂，1629）Horton: LAllegro (快乐的人，1632), Il Penseroso (沉思的人，1632), Lycidas (利西达斯，1638), Comus (科玛斯，1634). 2 years travel in the Continent, returned in 1639,Life and literary career of Milton,20 years as a revolutionary (1640-1660)Worked as the Latin secretary for CromwellWrote a number of political pamphlets, including:Areopagitica论出版自由(1644)Defence of the English People (为英国人民辩护，1651), Second Defence of the English People (为英国人民再辩护，1654).Later LifeAfter the restoration, in blindness he completed three great epics with the help of his daughter and some other young men. Paradise Lost失乐园; Paradise Regained复乐园; and Samson Agonistes力士参孙,Paradise Lost,A long epic in 12 books written in blank verseMiltons masterpiece, and the greatest English epic. The stories were taken from the Genesis of the Old Testamentthe rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satans temptation of Eve; the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden; and the possible salvation.,Nine times the space that measures day and night依照人间的计算，大约九天九夜，To mortal men, he with his horrid crew他和他那一伙可怕的徒众Lay vanquished, rolling in the fiery gulf沉沦辗转在烈火的深渊中Confounded though immortal: But his doom虽属不死之身，却象死者一样横陈；Reserved him to more wrath; for now the thought但这个刑罚反激起他更大的忿怒，Both of lost happiness and lasting pain既失去了幸福，又受无尽痛苦的煎熬。Torments(折磨) him; round he throws his baleful eyes他抬起忧虑的双眼，环视周遭，That witnessed huge affliction and dismay摆在眼前的是莫大的隐忧和烦恼，Mixed with obdurate pride and steadfast hate:顽固的傲气和难消的憎恨交织着。,At once as far as angels ken he views霎时间，他竭尽天使的目力，望断The dismal situation waste and wild,际涯，但见被风弥漫，浩渺无限，A dungeon horrible, on all sides round四面八方围着他的是个可怕的地牢，As one great furnace flamed, yet from those flames象一个洪炉的烈火四射，但那火焰No light, but rather darkness visible却不发光，只是灰蒙蒙的一片，Served only to discover sights of woe可以辨认出那儿的苦难景况，Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace悲惨的境地和凄怆的暗影。And rest can never dwell, hope never comes和平和安息决不在那儿停留，That comes to all; but torture without end希望无所不到，唯独不到那里。,Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed只有无穷无尽的苦难紧紧跟着With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed:永燃的硫磺不断的添注，不灭的火焰，洪水般向他们滚滚逼来。Such place Eternal Justice had prepared这个地方，就是正义之神为那些For those rebellious, here their prison ordained叛逆者准备的，在天外的冥荒中In utter darkness, and their portion set为他们设置的牢狱，那个地方As far removed from God and light of Heaven离开天神和天界的亮光As from the Center thrice to th utmost pole.相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。,Theme and Characterization,The main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against Gods authority.In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot. This epic expresses the reactionary forces of his time and shows passionate appeal for freedom. The theme is also about the fall of Men: mans disobedience and the loss of Paradise. But having done it, Adam and Eve get freedom.,Paradise Regained,It explores the theme of temptation and fall and shows how humankind, in the person of Christ, withstands the tempter and is established once more in the divine favor.In 4 books Satan: Evil force, tempted Jesus in different ways but failed at last.Jesus: successfully refused the temptation from Satan and began his holy task to save the human being from his original sin.,Samson Agnonistes,Modeled on the Greek tragedies. Took the story from Book of Judges (旧约士师记).Samson was the hero of Israelites, betrayed by his wife and blinded by enemies. One day he was summoned to provide amusement for his enemies by feats of strength in a temple. There he wreaked his vengeance upon his enemies by pulling down the temple upon them and upon himself in a common ruin.,Features of Miltons Poetry or Miltons contribution,Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an outstanding political pamphleteer of the Revolution period. He made a strong influence on the later progressive English poets. Milton is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature.Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influence o later English poetry.His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.,2.1 John Bunyan (1628-1688),LifeSon of a poor tinker, received only the simplest education. Enlisted in the Parliamentary army at 17, and fought the famous Battle of Naseby in 1645.Joined a Baptist society and began to preach among the villagers. Imprisoned in 1660 for preaching for 12 years, in which he started writing. MasterpieceThe Pilgrims Progress天路历程,The Pilgrims Progress,a religious allegory, a narrative in which general concepts such as sin, despair, and faith are represented as people or as aspects of the natural world. Bunyans prose is noted for his simple, biblical style. He uses idiomatic expressio