人教版高一英语必修四Unit2 Grammar课件.ppt

动词-ing形式作主语和宾语,一、动名词的形式,动词的ing形式相当于名词、形容词等，也保留了动词的某些特征。,指出-ing形式在下面句中的成分。Finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.He enjoys listening to violin music.China is a developing country.The music is exciting.We heard her singing in her room.Being ill, she went back home.,主语,宾语,定语,表语,宾语补足语,状语,一、动词-ing形式作主语 表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态, 谓语动词通常用单数。如： 1）Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 2）Watching news on TV has become a routine for me. 3）Going to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 4）Asking a womans age is impolite in our country.,二、功能及用法(作主语),动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。 1) 捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的. _ is something we should never do2)学习新单词对我来说非常重要。 _ is very important for me3)说比做容易。_ is easier than doing.,Playing tricks on others,Learning new words,Saying,2. -ing形式作主语时常后置, 此时须用it作形式主语, 用形容词或名词作表语。常见的名词或名词短语有: no use, no good, fun, a pleasure,hard work, a hard / difficult job, a waste of time 等; 形容词有: worth,worthwhile, useless,useful等。,归纳: 常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：It +be +a waste of time doing 做是浪费时间的It is/was no good/use doing 做是没用处的 It is/was worth/worthwhile doing做是值得的 It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做不值得,1) Its worth making the effort 做出努力是值得的。 2) 和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。_ with Shylock3) 跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。_4)玩电子游戏是浪费时间。Its a waste of time _.,It is useless trying to argue,It is a pleasure working with you,playing computer games.,3. 在there be no.结构中作主语, 这种结构的意思相当于“It is impossible to do ”。,There is no sense in doing 做没有道理There is/was no use /good (in)doing 做无意义 There is/was nothing worse than doing 没有比更糟的There is/was no point (in) doing 做无意义There is/was no way doing 无法做-,1.Theres no use/good complaining.2.There is no point in doing so.,怨天尤人是没有用的,那样做毫无意义。,【完成句子】1）It is no good_.学习而不实践是没有好处的。2) 这种事开不得玩笑。There is _ about such matter.3) 无法知道他什么时候离开。 There was _ when he would leave.,no joking,no knowing,learning without practice,注意：There is no need to do sth 干没必要 在此句式中to do 不可换为doing 没有必要告诉她。 _,There is no need to tell her.,二、功能及用法(作主语),【注意】动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：动词ing形式作主语表示泛指的行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。作宾语时的情况也是如此。Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。 (泛指)Be careful！To play with fire will be dangerous.小心点！玩火会带来危险。(指一具体动作),1)还是个孩子的时侯，她就觉得探视病人是一种责任，也是一种愉悦。 As a child，she felt that _ was a duty and a pleasure2)到美国人家里做客对我来说将是一个极好的经历。 _ in an American home will be a good experience for me.,二、功能及用法(作主语),visiting sick people,To be a guest,1)There/It be doing sth. 句型不能换为 不定式2) 而在Its important / Its necessary / Its advisable / Its essential / Its fitting 这类句型中，只能用不定式如： Its important to learn foreign languages. Its quite necessary to read it many times.,在实际运用中，一般两者可以互换，差异不大，但下列情况不能互换,动名词作宾语有两种情况：1)有些动词只能后接动名词作宾语；2)有些动词既可后接动名词也可后接不定式作 宾语。(1)只能后接动名词作宾语的动词，常见的有 avoid, admit, appreciate(欣赏), consider，deny(否定), dislike, delay(延期), enjoy, escape, excuse, keep, finish, fancy, feel like(想要), suggest, cannot help(不得不/禁不住), imagine, mind，miss, practise, risk(冒险), cannot stand (受不了)等。,二、功能及用法 (用作宾语),可接动名词作宾语的常见动词口诀：避免错过少延期 (avoid, miss, postpone)建议完成多练习 (advise, finish, practise)喜欢想象禁不住 (enjoy, imagine, cant help)承认否定与嫉妒 (admit, deny, envy)逃避冒险莫原谅 (escape, risk, excuse)忍受保持不介意 (stand, keep, mind),He finished reading the book yesterday.他昨天把这本书读完了。Would you mind opening the window?你介意打开窗户吗？I tried to avoid making the same mistake.我尽力避免犯同样的错误。I cant stand being treated like that.我受不了被那样对待。The bird escaped being shot.这只鸟没有被射中。,1)我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。 We must try to _ the samemistake2)人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。People _ that foolish man,avoid repeating,couldnt help laughing at,3) Bill suggested_a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. (2009上海，35)Ahaving held Bto holdCholding Dhold解析:suggest后面要接动名词作宾语，A项是动名词的完成时，表示发生在谓语动词suggested之前的一个动作。因此，不合题意，故被排除。,C,(2)英语中有一些动词短语也常跟v.ing形式作宾语, 如:insist on(坚持)，object to(反对)，be good at， lead to，leave off(停止)，put off，give up， look forward to，feel like(想要)，devote to (把奉献给)，get used to(习惯于)，pay attention to，be worth等。Do you feel like having a walk with me after supper? 晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?Im looking forward to hearing from you.我盼望收到你的来信。He has got used to living in the countryside.他已经习惯住在乡下。,(3)既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语 的动词，常见的有：begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer，by，mean，forget，hate, remember, go on (继续)等。,A. 在 like, love, hate, prefer等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同, 只是侧重点有些不同, ing表示泛指的动作, to do表示具体的一次性动作。B. 在 begin/start, continue之后, 用动名词和不定式, 意义没有什么不同, 尤其是当主语是人的时候。,C. 在动词forget, remember, regret之后, 用动名词与不定式意义不同。-ing 表示动作已经发生,-to do 表示动作还没发生；I remember posting the letterIll remember to post the letterI shall never forget seeing the famous writerDont forget to write to your motherI regret missing the reportI regret to say I cant take your advice,D. 意义各不相同try to do (设法) mean to do (打算, 有意要做) try doing (试试) mean doing (意思是, 意味着)be used to doing 习惯于做某事 be used to do 被用来做某事cant help doing 禁不住做某事cant help to do 不能帮助做某事,E. go on doing 继续做一直在做的事; go on to do 接着做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。,1.He stopped _and have a rest. (smoke) 2.He really must stop_.3. I once tried _French. (learn)4.Lets try _at the back door. (knock)5.I didnt mean _your feeling. (hurt)6. This word means _out at once. (set),to smoke,smoking,to learn,knocking,to hurt,setting,7.I cant help _the room,for I am too busy. (clean)8.After hearing the joke, we cant help _.(laugh)9.Water is used to _ flowers. (water)10.I am used to _early. (get)11.Though it rained, they went on _.(work)12.We have finished Part 1.Lets go on _P2.(Learn),to clean,laughing,water,getting up,working,to learn,【感悟高考】I still remember_ (take) to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. (陕西高考)解析: remember to do sth.记着去做某事；remember doing sth.记着做过某事。根据“what I saw there”可知，此处应用后者；由take sb. to a place “带/领某人去某地”可知用被动。,being taken,单选：1）Susan wanted to be independent of her parents.She tried _ alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.A.living B. to live C. to be living D. having lived2) As a new driver ,I have to practise _ the car in my small garage again and again.A. parking B.to park C. parked D.park,need，demand，want，require在表示“需要”时，用v.ing的主动形式表被动，或用不定式的被动形式。 repairing.The car needs to be repaired.这辆汽车需要修理。The sick woman required taking good care of / to be taken good care of.这位生病的妇女需要很好地照顾。,(4).,动词ing的复合结构：1.动名词的复合结构可在句中作主语或宾语。2.动词ing形式的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词，即“sb/sbsdoing”构成。动名词的复合结构实际上是给动名词加了一个逻辑主语。,2. 动词ing形式的复合结构有四种形式：(1)形容词性物主代词动名词(2)名词s动名词(3)代词宾格动名词(4)名词动名词,作主语时，不能用这两种形式,无生命名词无论是作主语还是作宾语都不能用这种形式,1) Do you mind my / me coming late for the film?我看电影迟到你介意吗？,当该复合结构作宾语时，名次所有格可以用普通格代替，形容词性物主代词可用代词宾格代替，做主语时不可以。,Toms winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot.汤姆去年得了一等奖使我印象深刻。练习：1) Do you mind Jacks/ Jack closing the window now?你介意我/杰克现在关上窗子吗？,2) 我姐姐病了，使我很担心。 My sisters being ill made me worried.3) 你正确未必就意味着我错了。 Your being right doesnt necessarily mean _.,my being wrong,动词-ing形式的否定形式：动词-ing形式的否定形式通常是在其前加not,带有逻辑主语时，not应放在动词-ing形式之前。Excuse me for my not coming on time.请原谅我没按时到。Im sorry for not having kept my promise.对不起，我没有兑现我的承诺。,完成句子：1.你没有理由不去。You have no excuse for _.2.他因未完成作业而受到惩罚。He was punished for_3._ to the station on time made everyone worried last week.A.Him not getting B.Not his gettingC.His not getting D.Not getting,not going,not having done his homework,【单句改错】I dont feel like to work. _If you think that the illness is serious，you should not put off to see the doctor._With Sunday coming soon，these children are looking forward to going home and see their parents._The teacher asked us to stop talking and listening to him._The light is still on. He must have forgotten turning it off._,to workworking,seeing,seeing,listen,to turn,1. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. ( 2004全国 ) A. Having suffered B.Suffering C. That D. Suffered,精析：根据句意“it may now be too late to ” 和 “already”可知“河流已经被严重污染”，应用完成时。答案A。,高考链接,2. _the general(一般) state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. ( 全国2002)A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given,【解析】句意：“考虑到他的健康状况，可能他还需要一段时间才能从手术中康复。”本题考查过去分词作状语的用法,这里given是“由于，鉴于，考虑到的意思(=considering)” 。given这里和句子的主语之间没有任何逻辑关系，所以本称之为“分词的悬垂结构”。我们可以把他们看作是固定的用法。类似的还有：judgingfrom.,3. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my niece. ( 2001上海)having hung B. hangingC. hangs D. being hung,解析：本题考查现在分词作定语的用法。分析题目可知，主句是The picture is painted by my niece, 谓语是is painted，那么选项部分应是充当定语的。A项是现在分词的完成式，其一般不作定语，只作时间或原因状语；C项动词“第三人称单数”显然也不能作定语，只作谓语；分析 the picture与动作 hang之间的关系，hang表示“悬挂”时不用被动态，D项排除； B项是现在分词的一般式，相当于定语从句which is hanging。答案B。,4. David threatened(威胁)_his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.Ato be reported Breporting Cto report Dhaving reported5.Bill suggested_ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.Ahaving held Bto hold Cholding Dhold 答案：suggest后接doing作宾语。,C,C,(6)(2008上海35)Something as simple as_ some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure.Ato drink BdrinkingCto be drinking Ddrunk题意：诸如喝凉水这般简单的事物可以使心境清宁，解除压力。本题考查动名词短语担任介词as的宾语。,B,(7)(2008江西24)I hear theyve promoted(提升) Tom, but he didnt mention _when we talked on the phone.A. to promote B. having been promotedC. having promoted D. to be promoted答案:题意为“我听说他们给汤姆升了职。但是我们通电话的时候，他并未提到被升职之事。” “提及某事”应在mention后接动名词，被升职发生在“未提到”之前，因此应用动名词的被动完成式。,B,(8)(2010河南省焦作市高一下期末)Summer vacation is approaching. Have you decided how to spend it?Well, I consider _an English training centre to improve my spoken English.Ato attend Battending Cto be attending Dattend答案：考查非谓语动词。答语句意：我打算参加英语培训课程以提高我的英语口语水平。consider作“考虑，打算”讲时，后接doing作宾语。,B,(9)(2010上海春招)_well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university.ADo BDoingCDone DBeing done答案：考查非谓语动词。题意：面试表现好将对在大学获得一席之地起重要作用。v.ing形式作句子主语。,B,(10)(2010江苏镇江高一下期末)Dad, our teacher suggests _ widely to achieve progress in our writing.Its up to you to_the decision.Areading; make Bto read; make Creading; making Dto read; making答案：考查非谓语动词。第一空suggest后接doing作宾语；第二空its up to sb. to do sth.“该某人干某事了。”,A,11. Remember_ the newspaper when you have finished it. A. putting back B. put back C. to put back D. be put back 12. Writing stories and articles_ what I enjoy most. A. is B. are C. was D. were,13. He attended the party without_. A. invited B. inviting C. having invited D. being invited14. By _, water can be changed into gas. A. heating B. being heated C. having heated D. heated,15. I remembered _ this person somewhere before. A. seeing B. having been seen C. seen D. to see16. I regret _ that to her. A. having said B. to have said C. to say D. X,17. He was afraid _for being late. A. of seeing B. of being seen C. to be seen D. to have seen,1.出国旅行是很激动人心的。2 在这儿等是没用的, 我们走吧。3 我记得在哪里见过他。4 我后悔没听你的劝告。5 帮助别人就是帮助你自己。,Travelling abroad is very exciting.Its no use waiting here. Lets go.I remember seeing her somewhere.I regret not following your advice.Helping others means helping yourself.,Translation,【完成句子】It is no good _.学习而不实践是没有好处的。The flowers in your garden want _. 你花园里的花需要浇水。We dont allow _.我们不允许在办公室里吸烟。,learning without practice,watering / to be watered,smoking in the office,【完成句子】Its no use _.向她道歉是没有用的。I regret _.我后悔上学的时候没有刻苦学习。,apologizing to her,not having studied hard at school,see you,动词-ing形式作表语，定语和宾语补足语,三、-ing形式作表语 1.-ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后,表示一般性的 行为，用来说明主语的内容，与主语是同一概念，表语和主语可互换。1) Her hobby is painting.=Painting is her hobby.2) My job is looking after the children.=Looking after the children is my job.,2.表示主语的某种性质和特征，可看做形容词，不可与主语互换。3) His concern for his mother is most touching.4) She was very pleasing in her appearance.5）What he said was moving.6)The film is very interesting.常见的词有：moving,interesting,encouraging,exciting,inspiring,boring,surprising,puzzling,amusing,astonishing(表示令-的）,四、-ing形式作定语1. 单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面, 既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能, 也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。e.g.building materials = materials for building 建筑材料,drinking water = water for drinkinga walking stick = a stick for walkinga reading room = a room for reading a writing desk = a desk for writingtiring music = music that is tiring a surprising result= a result that is surprising,2. ing 形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。1）They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 2）The man standing there is Peters father. = The man who is standing there is Peters father. 3）Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined.,3. -ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语, 相当于一个非限制性定语从句, 这时, 它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。1) His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 2) The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit. = The apple tree, which was swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of fruit.,The government plans to bring in new laws_parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.A.forced B.forcing C.to be forced D.having forced,五、-ing形式作宾语补足语1) 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面, 表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作, 强调一个动作或一种状态。如：(1)When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. (2)We found the snake eating the eggs.,2) 当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。如： They found the result very satisfying. = The result was found very satisfying. They heard him singing in the next room. = He was heard singing in the next room.,2. 能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词: 表示感觉和心理状态的动词, 常见的有 see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。 a. We saw a light burning in the window. b. I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. c. Can you smell anything burning? d. As he spoke, he observed everybody looking at him curiously. e. I didnt notice him waiting.,2) 表示指使意义的动词, 常见的有 have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。如：I wont have you doing that. This set me thinking.Im sorry to have kept you waiting. I cant get the clock going again.You wont catch me doing that again.,3. see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的区别： 前者表示动作正在进行, 而后者表示(或强调) 动作从开始到结束的全过程。如:We passed by the classmates and saw the teacher making the experiment.我们走过教室, 看见老师在做实验。(只在走过教室的刹那间, 看见老师正在做实验),I saw a boy getting on the bus.(表示动作正在进行)我看见一个男孩在上公共汽车。I saw a boy get on the bus.(表示动作完成了)我看见一个男孩上了公共汽车。,1.Listen! Do you hear someone _for help?A.calling B.call C.to call D.called2.They use computers to keep the traffic_smoothly. A.being run B.run C.to run D.running,