英语语法讲座课件.ppt

二级语法结构讲座,英语应用能力考试的语法结构部分由A节和B节两部分构成，包含词法和句法两大部分，测试内容主要有句法结构、词形变化、词类用法并着重动词用法。,从近年对试卷的分析来看， A节完全是测试考生对大纲中词汇和短语的理解、短语动词的搭配以及句型的辨认。应注意4方面：词类用法、时态/语态用法、短语动词的搭配以及固定句型。,B节测试考生对大纲中所列单词的词形变化和转换的掌握以及对句型的掌握和组词造句的能力。应养成3方面的敏感性：对词形不同上下文中变化和转换的敏感性、对组词造句的敏感性、对时态/语态、语气的敏感性。,内容,一、非谓语动词二、虚拟语气三、主谓一致四、倒装五、定语从句六、状语从句,非 谓 语 动 词-The Non-Finites,1. 动词不定式2. 动名词3. 分词：现在分词 + 过去分词4. 非谓语动词各种用法比较,非谓语动词在句中可充当的语法成分,“疑问词 + 不定式”结构,重点掌握：tell, teach, know, wonder, learn, show, find out, ask, understand, see, consider, explain 等。,例句：1) Can you tell me where to get the book.？,你能告诉我哪里能买到这本书吗？,2) I want to know how to learn English grammar.,我想知道如何学习英语语法。,重点掌握：advise,dare, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, long, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, strive, wish, want等.,在let, make, have, see, hear, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等动词后面作宾补的不定式均省去“to”。help 后面的动词不定式可以带to, 也可以不带to。,They made us work on Sundays.,但这句话变成被动语态时，作为主补的不定式则要带“to”。,We were made to work on Sundays.,“动词+不定式” 结构,重点掌握：glad, sorry, sure, able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, determined, eager, foolish, free, inclined, likely, lucky, prepared, ready, willing etc.,例句：1） Hes quite willing to pay the price I asked.,他很愿意照我的要价付钱。,2） She is the most likely girl to win the prize.,她是最有希望得奖的女孩。,一些表示思想感情的形容词，后面一般接不定式。,含有事先安排好的或预定的计划，预先指出的后果，劝告，告诫，指示，命令等意味。,例句：1） The delegation is to go to Nanjing tomorrow.,代表团定于明天到南京去。,2） The question is to be discussed at next meeting.,这个问题要在下次会上讨论。,“be + 动词不定式” 结构,admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, practise, save, suggest, cant help, etc.,例：I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.,我横穿马路以便避开他,但他看到了我并朝我跑过来。,动名词：下列动词常用动名词作直接宾语：,Would you mind _ (smoke) here?,try to do try doing,设法做某事 尝试做某事,mean to do mean doing,打算做某事 意味着,rememberforget to doregret,remember forget doing regret,表示动作尚未发生 表示动作已经完成,stop to do stop doing,停下来去做某事 停止做某事,有些及物动词用动名词作宾语和用不定式作宾语，在意义上有较大的差别。,不定式作主语常表示具体动作，而动名词常表示抽象的动作。It is not good for you to talk aloud here.Talking aloud is prohibited in the reading room.,It is no use talking with him.,2.不定式常用it作形式主语，把充当主语的不定式放在句末。动名词较少用it作形式主语，但在“It is no use (good) doing ”, “It is a waste of time doing ”, “There is no+doing ”等句型中用it做形式主语，并把动名词置于句末。,非谓语动词各种用法比较：（一）、作主语时：,1. 动名词、不定式作表语时，主要说明主语的内容。hope, wish, job, duty task 等一类抽象名词作主语时，常用动名词、不定式作表语。不定式通常表示具体动作，动名词常表示经常性的抽象的行为。,2. 分词作表语时主要说明主语的性质、特征。现在分词往往表示主动的正在进行的概念，过去分词表被动的或已完成的概念。,Our main task now is to develop the students ability to solve problems.Our main task is training teachers for the far away area.,The situation is encouraging.,（二）、作表语时：,1.不定式作定语时常与被修饰的名词有逻辑意义上的动宾关系。如：Do you have anything to say?,2.不定式一般形式作定语时往往表示尚未发生的动作。如：I have something important to tell you.,3.现在分词作定语往往表示正在进行的动作，主动的动作。用现在分词被动态作定语时，表示被动的动作。The student talking with the teacher is our monitor.,（三）、作定语时：,分词过去分词往往表示动作发生在谓语之前，及物动词的过去分词还有被动的意义,表示已经完成的动作。现在分词表主动的正在进行的动作。最常用做状语。That is the novel written by my friend.,分词及独立主格结构,独立主格结构分词做状语时，有时可有自己的逻辑主语。这种主语常为名词或代词主格，放在分词短语前，这种带有自己的逻辑主语的分词短语叫独立主格结构。它可表时间、原因、伴随、条件等情况。The last train having gone, I have to wait until tomorrow.,He is said to have been killed by the spy .,虚拟语气 图示非真实条件从句中的虚拟语气,细说,1、如果没有水，地球上就不会有生命。,与现在情况相反,If there were no water, there would beno life on the earth.,2、如果你接受了我的建议，你就不会犯这样的错误。,与过去情况相反,You would not have made such a mistake if you had taken my advice.,3、如果明天世界灭亡，你会干什么？,对将来情况的假设,If the world should/were to disappear tomorrow, what would you do?,_ I you, I would do more practice after class.A.wasB.amC.beD.were,2. Should the job be too difficult, you _ for help.A.can askB.askC.will askD.could ask,More examples:3. _ today, he would get there Friday. A.Was he leavingB.If he leavesC.Were he to leaveD.If he is leaving,D,D,C,Tips: 如果条件从句中的谓语动词为were或含有助动词had，should时，可将连词if省略，而把were，had，或should移到主语之前。,_ your assistance, we might finish the plan earlier.A. IfB. WithC. WithoutD. Under,2.But for their common efforts, they_ so much in their research.A.could not have achievedB. can not have achievedC.can not achieveD. did not achieve,B,A,Tips: 有时虚拟语气不用条件从句而用介词，如without，but for(要不是)，but that （若非）(=IF HAD NOT) 等引起的短语或由连词but，supposing，副词otherwise等表示。,If I had been shown the laboratory, I _ able to give a better description of it now.A.should beB. will beC.beD. should have been,A,综合条件虚拟语气：有时候条件从句的动作和主句中的动作不是发生在同一时间，称之为综合条件虚拟语气。此时应根据句中给出的时间提示采用不同的动词形式。,! 当主句谓语动词为suggest，advise，insist，order，demand，propose, require, recommend等表示愿望，建议，命令的动词时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。其结构为should + 动词原形。should可以省略。,His English teacher recommends that he _a regular degree program.A.beginB.beginsC.will begin D.is beginning,A,宾语从句中的虚拟语气,在it is + adj/过去分词 + that 句型中，如果形容词或者过去分词为necessary，important，vital, essential, advisable, urgent, strange, suggested，ordered时，that引导的主语从句中谓语为should+动词原形。should可以省略。,It is important that he _ his reservation before Friday.A.will confirmB.confirmsC.confirmD.must confirm,C,主语从句中的虚拟语气,1.表示过去的愿望：wish that + 主语 + had +过去分词 或者 wish that + 主语+ could/would + have + 过去分词e.g. I wish I could have finished writing the book report yesterday. But I was too busy.,2. 表示现在的愿望：wish that + 主语 + 动词过去式（系动词be用were）e.g. I wish our views were not so far apart.,3. 表示将来的愿望：wish that + 主语 + would /could + 动词原形e.g. He wishes he would have enough money to pay a travel.,Wish 与虚拟语气,It is (about / high) time (that) + 主语 + 过去式/should + 动词原形，意思是“该做了”，表示早该做而还未做的事，有建议的意思。其中Should不省略。e.g. It is high time we went to work. =It is high time we should go to work.,2. 虚拟语气用于would /had rather (倒不如，最好还是) 等固定结构后所跟的从句中表示愿望，建议等。e.g. He would rather you went to the party.,其它使用虚拟语气的结构,3. lest / for fear that,在lest / for fear that后的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用动词原形或should+动词原形。,eg. He didnt dare to leave the house lest someone should recognize him.,他不敢离开这所房子以免有人会认出他。,4. as if / as though,后接的方式状语从句中，表示与现在事实相反用过去式。表示与过去想象中的动作用过去完成式。He treats me as if I were a stranger.,三、主谓一致1,两个作 主语用的名词或代词由介词with, along with, together with, except, like, but, 等引导的介词词组时其后的谓语动词用单数。 A woman with a baby is coming to the nursery.2. 两个作主语用的名词或代词由 either or, neither nor, not only but also 连接时， 谓语动词一般与后一名词或代词的人称和数一致。 Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.,主谓一致2,3. 两个作主语用的名词或代词由 as well as , rather than, as much as 连接时,谓语动词一般和前一名词或代词的人称和数一致。 The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car.4. 集合名词如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry 等作主语时,其后的谓语动词总是用复数。 The police are helping the woman to look for her lost child.,主谓一致3,5集体名词如family, crew, crowd, team, government, committee, audience 等作主语，当这些词作为一个整体看时，后面谓语动词用单数； 如就其中一个个成员来看是，谓语动词就用复数。 My family is a big one.(我的家人口多) The family were listening to the radio. (全家正在听收音机)6表示时间，金钱，距离等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Five minutes is enough.7. 表示单一概念的成对名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.,四、倒装1,1 在某些句型中，可以单把表语提到主语前面来。 例句：Young as she was, she was already manager of a big hotel. 2 句首（或分句句首）是neither, nor, so, never, little, only, hardly, scarcely, rarely, nowhere, not, no或含有not, no的短语（如果谓语动词是be, 则用倒装）。 例 句：He can not speak, neither can he hear.,倒装2,3 用于句首不含if的非真实条件从句。 例句：Had I been there, I should have spoken to him.,4 用于句首为so, such, to such a degree等句中。例句：So angry was he that he couldnt speak.,5 句子没有宾语而主语又较长，可将状语（常为介词短语） 提到句前，同时谓语也提到主语前面。例句：After them came in the host and the hostess.,定语从句，是由关系词引导的分句结构，它用来修饰、解释、说明句子中其他部分，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。主要关系代词有(1) who, whom, whose (一般指人), (2) which(一般指物), (3) that (一般指人或物),(4)as等；关系副词有(5)where (地点), when(时间), why(原因)等。,五、定语从句Attributive Clause,只能用that的4种情况,1 当先行词有no, only, all, any, very等限定词或 first,last, 等词修饰时。 2 当先行词有形容词的最高级做定语时。 3 当先行词由指人和物的名词并列构成时。 例句：He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.4 当先行词为 all, everything 等不定代词或 little,few,much时。,Sophocles added a third actor _ brought new elements of conflicts _ are the essence of drama. A. who, who B. that, that C. who, that D. that, who,Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.,C,(2)They developed the five-act play _ Shakespeare and most others followed.A. who B. when C. where D. which,D,B,(3)Boys and girls, move those chairs _ legsare broken to the store room.A. whom B. whose C. who D. that,Choose the best answer to complete each sentence. (1) As of September, 15,088 people were reported HIV positive, 477 _ were fully- blown AIDS patients and 240 _ died. A. of who, of which B. of that, of whom C. of whom, of whom D. in whom, in which,C,rep. + which/whom和 n. + of which/whom引导的定语从句,Bailey, _ hoped to win a second gold medal in Sydney, finished fourth in 6.65 sec. in the 60m. A. that B. whom C. who D. which,My experience here has helped me understand the lives of ordinary Beijingers, _ I think is a very important part of the tradition of the city. A. that B. which C. who D. whom,C,B,六、状语从句,1 Adverbial ClauseofConcession重点掌握： as引导的让步状语从句需用倒装语序，倒装部分若为名词，则须去掉冠词： Poor as he was, he was honest. Child as he is (=Although he is a child), he can write good compositions.,2 Adverbial Clause of Comparison,1.引导词：than, as 例句：a. The project was completed earlier than we had expected. b. Her heart is as heavy as lead. 2. 含比较状语从句的复合句中倍数的表达： 例 句： I can run only half as fast as him. 3. 比较状语从句中that的用法 例 句：The existence of a city is often longer than that of the empires of which it is the capital.,