英语语法 句子种类(史上最详细)课件.ppt

句子的种类,英语的句子按照用途可分为四类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 (一)陈述句用来陈述一件事实或表达说话者看法的句子叫作陈述句，句末用句号表示句子的陈述结束。陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。I like apples. 我喜欢苹果。Tom is not good at English. 汤姆英语学得不好。,否定结构陈述句1.Be动词的否定句I am not a student.He is not my teacher.*进行时和被动语态 (现在时，过去时，进行时的被动语态） 都有be 动词所以它们的否定句与be动词的否定同形.They are not cleaning the room. 他们没在打扫房间。He was not elected as the monitor.他没有被选为班长。,2.情态动词的否定句I can not do it by myself.You must not take the books out.你一定不能把书拿出去。3.完成时的否定I have not finished the job.He has not had his lunch yet.He had not designed any plan by the end of last month.,4.行为动词的否定句主语+do/does/did + not + 动词原形They do not live in shanghai.He does not do his home work every day.They did not have the meeting yesterday.She did not pass the English exam yesterday.,(二)祈使句祈使句表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、建议、请求或命令等。主语you通常省略，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号或句号。表达请求或劝告时，祈使句句末或句首可以加上please表示委婉的语气。,1.肯定祈使句的表现形式:,Do 型： (1) 不及物动词+其他成分。 Come here! 过来！Look! 看！Come in! 进来！(2)及物动词宾语+其他成分。Close the door! 关门！Open your books! 翻开课本！ Be 型： 系动词表语+其他成分。Be quiet, please! 请安静！Be careful！ 小心！,Let型：Let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分。Lets go at once. 咱们马上走。Let me try again.让我们再试一次。Let her tell everyone .让她告诉每一个人Let tom go there . 让Tom 去那边。,2.否定祈使句的表现形式：(1)Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加dont构成。Dont forget me! 不要忘记我！ Dont make such a noise.Dont be late for school! 上学不要迟到！,(2)Let型的否定式有两种：Dont +let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分Let+宾语+not+动词原形+ 其他成分Dont let him go./Let him not go. 别让他走。Lets/Let us /Let me +not + 动词原形 + 其他成分Lets not say anything about it.(3)有些可用no开头，用来表示禁止性的祈使句。No smoking! 禁止吸烟！,Lets 和 let us 区别：Lets 包括对方， let us不包括对方。Lets go .shall we. 咱么去吧，怎么样？Yes lets /No lets not .Let us go, will you? 让我们去吧，行吗？,(三) 感叹句1.感叹句的概念感叹句是表示喜怒哀乐等感情的句子，感叹句用感叹号“！”。,2.感叹句的种类感叹句一般用what 或how开头，其具体用法如下：(1) what引导的感叹句 (中心词是名词)What +a/an+ 形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)！ What a cold day (it is) ! 多么冷的一天啊！ What a clever boy (he is)! 多么聪明的男孩！ What a beautiful city (it is)! 多么美丽的一个城市！What+形容词+可数名词复数 (+主语+谓语)！ What clever monkeys! 多么聪明的猴子！What+形容词+不可数名词 (+主语+谓语)！ What cold weather it is! 多么寒冷的天气！,(2) how引导的感叹句 (中心词是形容词 , 副词或,动词 ) How + 形容词/副词+ (主语+谓语)！ How clever (the boy is)! 这个孩子是多么聪明! How fast (he drives)! 风筝飞得多么高啊！How+ 形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+ (主语+谓语)！ How cold a day (it is)! 多么冷的一天啊！How陈述句 (主语谓语)！How I miss you！ 我多么想念你啊！How she loves her daughter!,陈述句变感叹句一 断 , 二 去, 三 加, 四改变。一 断, 找到陈述句的主谓，断开句子.二去， 断开后,如果后部分的中心词是形容词或副词，去掉它们的修饰词. 三加，如果后部分的中心词是名词就加 what, 是形容词或副词就加 How. 四改变， 调整语序，大小写，句末加 ！陈述句 Tom is very famous. 一断 Tom is / very famous.二去 Tom is / famous.三加 Tom is /how famous. 四改变 How famous tom is !,一般情况下What和 How 可以相互转换：The boy is clever. How clever the boy is! 这个孩子是多么聪明！What a clever boy he is !It is a cold day.How cold a day it is! 多么冷的一天啊！What a cold day it is ! 在口语中 常省略陈述句部分How cold !What a cold day !,(四)疑问句用来表示提问的句子叫作疑问句，句末用问号。疑问句包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种。1 Is she from China ? 一般疑问句When is your birthday? 特殊疑问句Is this a dog or a cat? 选择疑问句4 You are a student, arent you? 反意疑问句,1.一般疑问句一般疑问句是对一件事情或情况是否真实而提出疑问的句子，常用yes或no来回答。Do you like bananas? 你喜欢香蕉吗？Yes, I do. 是的，我喜欢。(1) Be 动词的一般疑问句陈述句中有Be动词，直接将Be动词提至主语前。Is he your friend?Yes ,he is / No , he isnt,Is there any food to eat ?Yes, there is / No , there isnt.进行时和被动语态结含有be 动词所以它们的疑问句和Be动词的疑问句形式相同。The baby were crying last night.Were the baby crying last night?Yes they were / No they werent English is spoken all over the world.Is English spoken all over the world?Yes it is / No it isnt,(2) 情态动词的一般疑问句。陈述句中有情态动词，直接将情态动词提至主语前。You can bring me some bread.Can you bring me some bread? Yes I can / No I cant I must do it now.Must I do it now?Yes you must / No you need not.,(3) 实义(行为) 动词的一般疑问句。陈述句中如只有行为动词，要在句首加助动词 do/ does /did。He has supper at home every day?Does he have supper at home every day?Yes he does / No he doesnt He did morning exercise yesterday!Did he do morning exercises yesterday?Yes he did /No he didnt,(4) 现在完成时和过去完成时的一般疑问句。将助动词 have/has /had提至句首。You have known her since your childhood?Have you known her since your childhood?你从童年时就认识她吗？Yes I have /No I havent He had learned English before he came here?Had he learned English before he came here?他来这之前就学过英语吗？Yes he had / No he hadnt.,一般疑问句的否定结构,把副词not 放在一般疑问句主语之后，即构成一般疑问句的否定结构.Is he not ready? = Isnt he ready?他没准备好吗？Will he not come ? = Wont he come ?他不来吗？Have you not any sisters? = Havent you any sisters?你没有兄弟吗？Can he not do it?= Cant he do it ? 他做不了吗？Do you not need money?= Dont you need money? 你不需要钱吗？Does it not rain much here?=Doesnt it rain much here?这里不常下雨吗？Did the museum not open? =Didnt the museum open? 博物馆没有开门吗？,一般疑问句的否定结构的回答:,英语中,一般疑问句的否定结构的回答,是肯定还是否定取决于答语是肯定还是否定，这点和汉语不同。Is he not a Frenchman? 他不是法国人吗？Yes, he is / No, he is not不 他是 / 是的 他不是Havent you any brothers?你没有兄弟吗？Yes , I have / No, I havent不 ，我有 / 是的 我没有。 Dont you know English?你不懂英语吗 ？Yes, I do / No, I dont. 不 我懂 / 是的 我懂,2.特殊疑问句特殊疑问句是就句子中某一部分进行提问的疑问句。What time do you get up? 你几点起床？疑问词分为两类：疑问代词 what who whom (who的宾格) whose (谁的) which (哪个)。疑问副词 when where why how。,特殊疑问句的两种结构：1.与陈述句的词序相同。 (1) 疑问词作主语Who is there？ 谁在那？Who broke the window? 谁打破了窗户？Which is mine ? 哪一个是我的？What makes you unhappy? 什么使得你不高兴？(2) 疑问词 作定语用来修饰主语。What books are on the desk? Which book is mine ?Whose book is on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的？,2. 疑问词 + 一般疑问句的词序。 a) 疑问词作宾语 (对宾语提问) What do you want to be? 你想做什么职业？I want to be an actor . Whom are you talking to ? 你在和谁说话？I am talking to my mother.What are you looking for? 你在找什么？I am looking for a pen .Which do you want? 你要哪一个？I want this.,b) 疑问词作表语 (对表语提问) What is he? 他是干什么的？He is a teacher.Who is he? 他是谁？He is my uncle. Whose is this book？ 这是谁的书？This book is Toms. c) 疑问词作定语Which hat is yours? 修饰主语 This hat is mine.What subjects do you have in your school ? 修饰宾语I have English , math and music.,Whose cups are these? (修饰表语)They are Lilys d) 疑问词作状语 (疑问副词 在句中作状语)只能用疑问副词 when ，where ，why，how等提问。,When did you come back? Where did you go ?Why did you stay there so long? Why are you late?,注意：Why didnt you see the film? 问原因你为什么不去看那部电影？= Why did you not see the film? Because I had seen it before.Why dont you see the film? 表建议,How 引导的特殊疑问句。How did you get there? 你怎么去那的。I went there by bus. How is it going？ 最近怎么样？How is the weather today? 今天天气怎么样？,How +形容词/副词+,3.选择疑问句用来在两种或两种以上情况中进行选择的疑问句叫作选择疑问句。答语不能用yes或no回答，而应从问句中选择一种情况进行回答。一般选择疑问句 Are you a teacher or a doctor? 你是一名老师还是一名医生？ Do you like Coke or juice?I like Coke.Shall we go there by bus or taxi?,特殊选择疑问句 :When will he leave for London, today or tomorrow?Tomorrow Which do you like, this or that?,4.反意疑问句 (1)附在陈述句后对陈述内容进行反问的句子叫作反意疑问句，也叫附加疑问句。反意疑问句前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是简短问句。陈述部分用逗号结尾，反问部分用问号结尾。反意疑问句的否定句必须用缩略形式基本结构：前肯后否；前否后肯。Its a nice day, isnt it? 天气不错，不是吗？ We have talked about it, havent we? 我们已经谈过这件事了，不是吗？ Mr. Smith isnt at home, is he? 史密斯先生不在家，是吗？,1.陈述句 (肯定式) +疑问部分（否定）a) Be 动词的反意疑问句It was a wonderful night, wasnt it? 那是个美好的夜晚,不是吗?Yes it was 是的， 它是 No it wasnt 不，它不是Tom is skating, isnt he?Yes he is 是的, 他是 No, he isnt 不, 他不是 b) 情态动词 和助动词的反意疑问句。Your brother can swim , cant he ?你哥哥会游泳,不是吗？,Yes, he can 是的，他会。No ,he cant 不 ，他不会。Justin has been to London before , hasnt he ?Yes ,he has No he hasnt You have achieved success, havent you?Yes I have No I haventc) 行为动词的反意疑问句You like music , dont you ?Yes I do / No I dont,Lucy speaks English, doesnt she?露西说英语，不是吗？Yes, she doesNo, she doesnt Your sister helped him, didnt she?Yes , she did.No , she didnt 像dislike 和 hate 表示否定含义 ，仍按肯定句来处理,所以疑问部分用否定式You dislike English, dont you. Yes, I do.No , I dont,2.陈述句 (否定式) +疑问部分（肯定式?）Mr Smith isnt Chinese，is he? 史密斯先生不是中国人，对吗？ You re not ready, are you?你没准备 好，是吧？Tom doesnt go there every day, does he? 汤姆不是每天都去哪儿，对吧？,*它的回答和汉语习惯不同 ，根据实际情况如果事实是肯定的就要用 Yes+ 肯定结构 如果事实是否定的就要用 No+否定结构。They havent been to the Great Wall, have they?他们没去过长城，是吗？Yes ， they have . 不， 他们去过No ，they havent 是的，他们没去过Mr Smith isnt Chinese，is he? 史密斯先生不是中国人，对吗？ Yes, he is 不, 他是 No, he isnt 是的, 他不是.,3 反意疑问句用法说明：(1) 当陈述句部分的主语是名词时，反意疑问句的主语必须用人称代词来代替。例如：Your brother has gone to the library, hasnt he? 你弟弟去图书馆了，不是吗？(2) 当陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that时, 反意疑问句的主语用it代替; 指示代词是these, those时, 反意疑问句的主语用they代替。例如：That isnt a useful book, is it? 那不是一本有用的书，是吗？ These are important reading materials, arent they? 这些都是重要的阅读材料，不是吗？,(3)当陈述句部分是I am时, 反意疑问句部分通常要用arent I; 如陈述句部分是I am not时, 反意疑问句部分通常要用 am I。例如：Im late for the meeting, arent I ? 我开会迟到了，不是吗？ Im not doing well, am I ? 我干得不好，是吗？,(4) 当陈述部分是“there be + 主语 + 其他”结构时, 反意疑问部分要用“be (not) + there”结构。例如：There are some bananas in the basket, arent there ? 篮子里有些香蕉, 不是吗？There is no time left , is there?There will not be any trouble , will there?,(5) 当陈述部分是everyone / everybody, someone / somebody, no one / nobody, none等表示人的不定代词时, 反意疑问句部分的主语多用they(但有时也可用he); 当陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, something, nothing等表示物的不定代词时, 反意疑问句部分的主语用it。例如：Nobody came when I was out, did they ? 我在外时, 没人来过, 是吗？ Everything has gone wrong today, hasnt it ? 今天什么都出问题了, 不是吗？,(6) 当陈述部分有hardly, seldom, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问句部分要用肯定形式。He hardly remembers his old friends name, does he ?他几乎不记得他的老朋友的名字了, 对吗？如果陈述句部分带有否定前缀或后缀时，反意疑问句部分仍用否定结构。Its impossible for him to make such a mistake, isnt it ? 他不可能犯这样的错误, 是吗？,(8) 在宾语从句中，如果陈述句部分是“I think(believe, suppose, imagine, expect等)+ 宾语从句”, 反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致, 并要注意否定转移。I dont think you have heard of him before, have you? 我认为你以前没有听说过他，是吗？ 注： 当think等这些动词的主语不是第一人称, 或主语是第一人称, 而动词时态不是一般现在时或一般过去时时, 反意疑问句的助动词和人称代词要与主句保持一致。Mary thinks you will come to the party, doesnt she? 玛丽认为你将来参加晚会, 不是吗？,4 对反意疑问句的回答:对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。,He likes playing football, doesnt he? 他喜欢踢足球，不是吗？ Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt. 是的，他喜欢。/不，他不喜欢。His sister didnt attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗？ Yes, she did. / No, she didnt. 不，她参加了。/是的，她没参加。,模拟演练They have seen the film already. 改为否定句I think Jim was angry with me.I used to give my mother a lot of trouble.,模拟演练1. _ sleep too late. Its bad for your health.A. Do B. NotC. DontD. Please not【解析】选C。题意为“别睡得太晚。对你的健康没有好处。” 否定祈使句是在动词原形之前加dont。2. Just _ here and dont go around, or your parentscant find you.A. to stayB. stayedC. stay D. staying【解析】选C。题干的前半部分无主语，可以判定是祈使句，只有C选项是动词原形，故选C项。,3. _ weather it is! Lets go out for a picnic. A. What good B. What bad C. How good D. How bad【解析】选A。由句子Lets go out for a picnic. 可知天气很好，再根据谓语之前的weather是不可数名词，故用what。,4. Youre new here, _ ?Yes, Im from Dujiangyan. I came here last week.A. do you B. dont you C. are you D. arent you【解析】选D。由陈述部分为肯定句，因此后面用否定形式进行反问，可以排除A和C选项。再由前面陈述部分的谓语是be动词，因此可以确定答案为D。,5. _ you _ out the problem, Sam? Not yet, but Im going to.Did；work B. Are； working C. Have； worked D. Will ；work【解析】选C。由答语“Not yet” 可知句子的时态为现在完成时。,6. _ did you tell him about the news? By _ an e-mail.How; sending B. How; send C. How; sent D. What; sending【解析】选A。根据答语可知特殊疑问词为How；by是介词，因此后面用动名词作宾语。,7. _ do you go hiking? Once a week.A. How many times B. How often C. How long D. How soon【解析】选B。根据答语是Once a week可知特殊疑问词为 How often。故选B。,8. _ have you learned to play the guitar?For three years. A. How long B. How often C. How soonD. How much【解析】选A。由答语是For three years可知特殊疑问词为How long。9. Which one is heavier, the wooden ball _ the iron ball? A. orB. andC. butD. so【解析】选A。题意为“木球和铁球哪一个更重?” 选择疑问句中的选项需要用or连接，故选A。,