科技英语翻译(第三章第一、二节)全解课件.ppt

翻译方法与翻译实践,第三章,第一节：词义的选择第二节：增词技巧第三节：省略法第四节：重复法第五节：转换法第六节：分译法第七节：外位结构第八节：反译法第九节：被动结构第十节：英语长句,第一节 词义的选择,英语词汇容易混淆的几种情况如何正确选择用词,英语词汇容易混淆的几种情况,一词多义 同词不同词性名词单复数意思不同不同的搭配词义不同,一词多义,charge在不同的句子中不同的含义,1)This general was charged with treason。 这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。2) He is in charge of the research work他负责这项研究工作。3)As soon as the moment for the general offensive arrived，the soldiers charged the enemy position brave1y总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地中敌人的阵地冲去。4) The seller charged her too much。售货员向她收的费太高了。,charge 的其他用法,5) The powder in place，he rammed in a long iron rod to tamp down the charge 火药装好后，他伸进去一根长铁钎以便把炸药捣实。6) His store will charge things you buy，and let you pay for them later 把东西记入帐内7)Having charged the battery，he set the engine in motion 给电池充电,dry在不同的上下文中的不同意思,1) I want my martini dry 我的马丁尼酒不要甜的。2) There are still some dry states in the United States 在美国尚有几州禁酒。3) She prefers dry bread 她喜欢无奶油的面包。,Other examples,4) The cow are dry 这些母牛缺奶。5) He gave us a dry lecture yesterday 枯燥无味的讲演6) I am sure what he presented was a dry fact 铁一般的事实,同词不同词性,go的几种特殊用法1)Here is a pretty go! 这件事真难办。(difficult affairs)2)He is itching to have a go at it他跃跃欲试。(try)3)The old man is still full of go这位老人仍然精力充沛。（energy）4) These brightly colored stockings are all the go this summer这些颜色鲜明的袜子今夏很流行。(fashion）,名词单复数的词义不同,ninety 90(单) nineties 90年代(复) time 时间(单) times 时代，次数，倍数(复) finding 发现，探索(甲) findings 研究成果，调查结果(复) fish-fishes custom-customs,不同的搭配词义不同,soft drink 不含酒精的饮料soft answer 委婉的回答heavy rain 大雨heavy traffic 文通拥挤a broken man (在精神等力面)潦倒的人broken money 零钱broken English 不标准的英语,如何正确选择词义,(一) 根据词性确定词义(二) 根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义(三) 注意词义的褒贬性,(一) 根据词性确定词义,Right：1) Your account of what happened is not quite right 。 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。(形容词，作 “正确”解。) 2) Go right on until you reach the church. 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。(副词，作“一直”解。)3) Its my right of way，so that lorry must stop or slow down until Ive passed it 我有优先通行权，所以那货车必须停驶或减慢车速直到我走过去为止。(名词，作“权利”解。)4) She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案申冤。,run： 5) A trial run is needed before the machine is put into operation.在机器投入运行前，要先进行试车。(名词，作“操作, 运转期”解) 6) An intricate network of the computer system runs this modem petroleum factory 电子计算机系统的复杂网络管理着这个现代化的炼油厂。(动词，作经营，管理”解。) 7) They are loading the run goods into the hold 走私物品,(二) 根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义,翻译下列句子，注意context的词义： 4)We must operate within the context of the Olympian spirit 按照奥林匹克精神办事5) In this context，Ive to call your attention to the fact；that the peaceful trend in the IndoChina Peninsula is essential to peace in the world。 就此而论，我不得不提请大家注意这样一个事实：印度支那半岛局势的稳定对世界和平来说是至关重要的。,再看delicate这个词，它有“纤细的，精细的，病弱的,棘手的”等词义。1) Whos going to perform this delicate operation ？谁准备给这位病人做精细的眼科手术？2) She is in delicate health. 她身体虚弱。翻译下列两句话：3)He has a delicate ear for music。 他对音乐很有鉴赏力。4)Thats a delicate diplomatic question。 那是个微妙的外交问题。,有些短语在不同的上下文中，意思不同：2) I know you think I am talking nonsense，but in time you will realize that was right.我知道你认为我在胡说八道，但你将来终究会理解我说的话是对的。（sooner or later）,关于逻辑判别问题，请再看一组例子。1)We have been working all day. We must have a break.我们干了整整一天了，必须休息一下。2)Suddenly the line went limp“I am going back” Said Smith “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me。Ill be back in five minutes”. 引爆线突然耷拉下来史密斯说：“我回去看看。一定是某个地方断了线。等一下，我五分钟就回来。”,(三) 注意词义的褒贬性,1)They incited him to go into further investigation。 他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。2) The plotters incited the soldiers against their officers. 阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。5) The peasants and workers were hand-in-glove with one another in the struggle against landlords and capitalists who worked hand-in-glove with each other.6) The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌人特工。8) An aggressive country is always ready to start a war.一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。9) An aggressive young man can go far in this firm.富有进取心的年轻人,关于死的不同表达方法,蒋介石死了。逝世了长眠过世老了不在了见马克思了上西天了玩完了,溘然长逝寿中正寝 驾崩 早逝 阵亡牺牲殉职香消玉殒 倩女离魂,英语中关于死的委婉说法,用写实的手法来表示“死”这个概念的英语词组有：,Lose ones lifeemit the last breathCease to existmeet ones deathEnd ones days drop deadBe no more,用形象比喻来表示“死”这个概念的英语词组有：,pass awaygo west fall asleepreturn to the earth /dust rest in peacebecome one with nature shut the shopanswer the last call turn up ones heels/toes go to ones resting place,第二节：英译汉中的增词技巧,（一） 增译名词，使译文清晰明了1）He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.他吃点东西，喝点酒，因为他疲劳不堪了。3）“According to Dr. John,”he said, “the patients life is still in danger. The first aid must be rendered as soon as possible.”“根据约翰大夫的诊断”他说，“这位患者的生命仍然处于危险之中，必须尽快采取急救措施。”,Translate the following sentence,13. This is a passage quoted from Mark Twain.这是从马克吐温著作中引用的一段话。14. He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.他满脸皱纹，皮肤很黑，头发灰白稀疏。15. After getting up, he dresses, brushes and washes.他起床后穿衣、刷牙、洗脸。,（二） 增译表示复数的词,1）Very acute problems exist among them,他们之间存在着非常尖锐的种种问题。3）They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new building,他们乘坐一辆黑色轿车，经过一丛丛的白桦树和看不到尽头的一排排式样相同的新住宅。,（三） 在名词前后增加动词,1）My work, my family, my friends were than enough to fill my time.我干工作，做家务，和朋友往来，这些占去了我的全部时间。2)Science demands of men great effort and complete devotion.人们要掌握科学，必须做出巨大的努力并对之怀有无限的热爱。3）“Nobody could count on his restraint of rationality” he said.谁也不能指望他会采取克制或讲道理的态度。,（四） 增补原文中省略的词,3）Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢过度即成逞能，感情过度即成溺爱，节俭过度即成贪婪。4)This victory in polemics means the victory of civilization over ignorance，of science over superstition and of truth over falsehood.这次论战的胜利意味着文明对愚昧的胜利，科学对迷信的胜利，真理对谬误的胜利。,(五) 增加形容词或副词，增加修辞效果,1) Inflation has now reached unprecedented level 通货膨胀现在已经发展到空前严重的地步。3)It must have been surprising to see a little girl working at a high table，surrounded by maps and all kinds of instruments。看到一个小女孩趴在堆满地图和仪器的高桌上聚精会神地工作时，谁都会感到惊讶。,(六) 增加关联词，使译文符合思维逻辑,1) The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air being only 0.03 per cent, carbon is amassed into the compass of the plant from a large volume of air.因为空气中二氧化碳的浓度只有万分之三，所以聚集在植物内部的碳是从周围极大体积的空气中得来的。2)If X is equal to Y，X plus A equals Y plus A. 若X=Y，则X+A=Y+A。 3)It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom，it was the age of foolishness。it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity.这是一个昌盛之世，但也是一个衰败之世；这是一个智慧的时代，但也是一个愚蠢的时代；这是一个充满信仰的新纪元，但也是一个充满怀疑的新纪元。,(七) 增加概括词使译文更清晰,2）Then a little over decade ago, professor Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold，working at Cambridge，proposed an entirely different scheme然而十多年前，剑桥大学的霍伊尔、邦迪和哥尔德三位教授却提出了完全不同的学说。3) The bond between mathematics and the life sciences has been strengthened by the emergence of a whole group of applied mathematics specialties, such as biometrics, psychometrics，and economics. 生物统计学、心理测验学、计量经济学等一大批应用数学专业学科的出现，大大加强了数学和生命科学之间的联系。,(八) 成语翻译中的增译法,angle for fame in deep water blow ones trumpet two-faced tactics have a well-oiled tongue,沽名钓誉水深火热自吹自擂两面三刀油嘴滑舌,(九) 增加带解释性的词,2）I am in charge of the depot，only I. People will hold me responsible but not you 只有我一个人负责管理这个仓库，出了事情别人找我，找不到你。3) In April, there was the “ping” heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”.四月里，全世界听到“乒”的一声，到了七月，这“乓”的一声却乓了一下。四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去，到了七月，美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。,