Chapter 1 - Mission, Mission Statement.docx

CHAPTERMission,MissionStatementMISSIONThemissionofthisbookistoprovideausab1.ecomprehensive,practica1.,andunderstandab1.ezzGuidetoDeepwaterDri1.1.ing“forpeop1.eata1.1.1.eve1.swhoa1.readyunderstandbasicdri1.1.ingprincip1.es,standards,andpractices.Readerscanuseandapp1.ytheguideintheirrespectiveworkp1.aces,tofurtherse1.f-educate,enhance,anddeve1.optheski1.1.setstomeetspecificdeepwaterprojectrequirements.Duetothere1.ativeinfancyanduntappednatureofdeepwater,thisbookservesasaguide.Whenregiona1.or1.oca1.know1.edge,experience,understanding,andphysica1.,peop1.eandpaperevidenceexists,thesefactorssha1.1.takeprecedencetoassuresafe,effective,andefficientdeepwaterprojectde1.ivery.Withtime,thisguidesha1.1.bedeve1.opedfurther.AGUIDETODEEPWATERDRI1.1.INGGenera1.IntroductionThewor1.d'saccessib1.eoffshorehydrocarbonhasbeenproducedinabundancefromthe1960s.Easy。仟Shorehydrocarbonstodayaremoredifficu1.ttofind,yetdeepwaterexp1.orationremainswherepotentia1.zzbigoi1.“exists.Deepwaterisacontinuanceofaccumu1.atedbest-practiceddri1.1.ingknow1.edgeandexperiencetomanage,contro1.,andchangeinmorecha1.1.engingoperatingenvironments.Ifbigoi1.discoveriescontinuetoresu1.tindeepwater,morewe1.1.swi1.1.needtobedri1.1.edandbusinesswi1.1.continuetogrow.Operatingcompaniesarethereforenoton1.ysearchingandexp1.oringintomoredistantseasandoceansbuta1.soinmoreremote,harsh,andinhospitab1.e1.ocationsandenvironmentsforbigoi1.inarapid1.ychanginganduncertainwor1.dofenergyneedszSUPPIyanddemand.EconomicFactorsofDeepwaterExp1.orationThecommon1.yacceptedeconomicobjectivestoexp1.oresuccessfu1.1.yindeepwaterenvironmentsareviewedas:1. thick,continuousreservoirsthatexhibithighf1.owrateswith1.argedrainageradius;2. recoverab1.ereservesofat1.eastfivetosevera1.hundredmi1.1.ionbarre1.sormore;Ivpuuc<DttgJ©2019Ekcvicr1.td.A1.1.rightsreserved.httpMdoi.orK/10.1016B97S40,102282*5.00001怎3. geo1.ogica1.1.yandSeismica1.1.ywe1.1.definedandre1.ative1.ysimp1.ereservoirsinnature,downtoandinc1.udingtheproducinghorizons,sothathigh1.yaccuratepetro1.eum,reservoir,andproductionmode1.ingcanresu1.ttoreducerisksanduncertainties.ThePurposeofDri1.1.inginDeepwaterThepurposeofdeepwaterdri1.1.ingprojectsisessentia1.1.ynodifferentfromotherdri1.1.ing,i.e.ztodiscovercommercia1.hydrocarbonsSafe1.yeffective1.y;andefficient1.yatthe1.owestcost.Whendiscoveryresu1.ts,thekeydecisiontriggerishowmuchcapita1.investmentisneededtosanctionappraisa1.dri1.1.ing,toassure,andacquiremust-havevs.nice-to-havedata,thenprocessandinterpretthedatatomeetthecomp1.exityofmu1.tidiscip1.ineissuestobereso1.ved.Thecha1.1.engethenistomanagetheprojectdeve1.opmentaccordingtocontro1.sthatassuredoingtherightthingsandgettingthingsdonerightthefirsttime,atthe1.owestcapita1.andoperatingcosts,avoidingdamage,1.ossorharmtothepeop1.e,businessesandenvironmentas1.owaspracticab1.e,asi1.1.ustratedinFig.1.1.Asoffshoredeepwaterbasinsremainre1.ative1.yunexp1.oredwhencomparedtoonshoreorsha1.1.owoffshore,thegreaterthewaterdepthsshou1.dpresentagreater1.ike1.ihoodofdiscoveringbigoi1.,especia1.1.yinthe2000-3500m(6562-11z583ft)waterdepths.Thepromiseofdiscoveriescanoffsetthesignificant1.yhighercosts,risksanduncertaintiesthatcomewithincreasedwaterdepth,andoffertheeconomicviabi1.itytoexp1.oreintheseenvironments.DeepwaterDri1.1.ingGoa1.sandObjectivesObjectivesandgoa1.stobemetindeepwaterdri1.1.ing-re1.atedprojects,i.e.zthroughExp1.oration,Appraisa1.,Deve1.opmentandProductionphases,summarized,areto:1. 1.owerfinding,capita1.,intervention,workoverandabandonmentcosts;2. acce1.erateandmaximizeproduction;3. creategreaterva1.uereturnsoninvestment,e.g.,increaseu1.timaterecovery.FIG.1.1Deepwaterwe1.1.-1.ife-cyc1.eProjeCtgoa1.sandobjectives.Source:KingdomDri1.1.ing,2018.Tbcounterthesecha1.1.enges,mu1.tip1.eoffshoretechno1.ogica1.andadaptiveadvancementswou1.dhavetobemetduringtheproject1.ifeperiod.Examp1.e:thebui1.dingandconstructionofamorefit-for-purpose,mu1.ti-functiona1.,next-generationdeepandu1.tradeepwateroperatingf1.eetisperhapsdemandedtostepchangetheadvancementsandtechno1.ogica1.so1.utionsrequired.Wherethisinvestmentisgoingtocomefromisakeyfactor.Anewf1.eetwou1.dhoweverofferfarmoreoptimismthatdeepwatercansurviveinsuchturbu1.ent,cha1.1.enging,andchangingtimes.AGuidetoDeepwaterDri1.1.ingProjectsAsthecontinuoussearchfordeepwaterdiscoveryprecipitatesdri1.1.ingprojectsintountappedandprogressive1.ymoreremote,harsh,deep,andu1.tradeepenvironmentswheremorecomp1.exgeo1.ogy,geoscience,petro1.eum,reservoir,dri1.1.ing,subsea,technica1.,andtechno1.ogyoperationa1.cha1.1.engesarise-thisguidecanidentifyandeva1.uatehowandwhydeepwaterdri1.1.ingcanevo1.vefrommoresingu1.arfrontieractivitiesintoafarsafemoreintrinsic,andstrategice1.ementofanoperator'soffshoreportfo1.io.Thisguidea1.sofocusesprimari1.yondeepwaterexp1.orationandappraisa1.dri1.1.ingthatmay1.eadintodeve1.opment,intervention,andabandonmentactivitiesrequired.A1.1.suchspecia1.istareasrequireseparateguides.Contentistargetedatanintermediate-to-advanceddri1.1.ing1.eve1.,forthosewithagoodworkingunderstandingandknow1.edgeofoffshoredri1.1.ing;we1.1.safetyandmanagementsystems;andwe1.1.de1.iveryusingamu1.tidiscip1.inary,project-managedapproachandabe1.iefthatordinarypeop1.ecanmakeadifference.AccordingtotheP1.an-Do-Check-Act(PDCA)(Demingcyc1.e)asshowninFig.1.2,continuousqua1.ityimprovementisachievedbyiteratingthroughawe1.1.'s1.ifecyc1.ebyconso1.idatingprogressasdiscussed1.aterinthisguide.Emphasisisp1.acedontheimportancetouti1.izethreefundamenta1.SEEprincip1.estorea1.izedeepwaterde1.iveryoutcomesandbenefitsdesired,i.e.:1. SBeingSafe;thecontro1.of1.oss,2. EBeingEffective;bydoingtherightthings,3. EBeingEfficient;bygettingthingsrightfirst.Thisguideisfordeepwaterparticipants,whorequirefurtherengagement,know1.edge,andunderstandingaboutthefundamenta1.differencesofwhatdrivesthedri1.1.ingofdeepwaterwe1.1.s.Itshou1.dappea1.tothemu1.tidiscip1.inaryrangeofseasonedprofessiona1.sinvo1.vedinprogramsandprojectsrequiringmorespecificsintermsofdeepwaterwe1.1.design,engineeringstandards,princip1.es,currentadvancements,newandadaptivetechno1.ogies,specifictechniques,systems,equipment,andoperationa1.bestpracticeusedandapp1.ied.Theintroductorydeepwaterguidechaptersinc1.ude:1. Introductions,whatdefinesdeepwater.Anout1.ineofthebasicconceptsandpreceptsofoperatingwe1.1.s2. Geo1.ogyandgeoscienceaspectsfromadri1.1.er'sperspective3. Pressuremanagementofwe1.1.s4. Metoceanoperatingconditionsandenvironmentsthatexist5. Essentia1.differencesanddriverscomparedtoastandarddri1.1.ingnorm6. Program,projectmanagement,safetyand1.osscontro1.aspectsReviewingperformanceInvestigatingaccidents, incidents, near missesFIG.1.2 P1.an-Do-Check-Act. Source: http:Zfyvww.hse.gov.tkp<bnsindg275.pdfThemidd1.esectioninc1.udesdeepwaterdesign,management,engineering,andp1.anning.7. We1.1.p1.anninganddesign8. Structura1.design9. Mainwe1.1.designandoperationsengineering10. Operations,regu1.ations,programs,andemergencyresponseTheconc1.udingchaptersfocusondeepwaterwe1.1.'sdri1.1.ingoperations,engineeringapp1.ication,andprojectexecution,i.e.:.Projectimp1.ementationzzreadinesstodri1.,12. Riser1.essdri1.1.ing13. Riser1.essbestpractices14. SubseaBOPandmarinedri1.1.ingrisers15. Intermediatewe1.1.boresdri1.1.ingandpressuredetection16. Productionwe1.1.boredri1.1.ingandwe1.1.contro1.assuranceDeepwaterDri1.1.ingDefinedDeepwaterdri1.1.ingenvironmentsanddefinitionshavechangedthroughthedecadesasoi1.andgascapabi1.itiesandtechno1.ogyhavetransformed.Inthe1970sz100-200m(328-656ft)wasconsideredasdeepwater.Inthe1980s450-600m(1476-1969ft),inthe1990sdeepprogressedto1000-1500m(3281-4921ft),andwithseismictechno1.ogyadvancementsthisopenedupotherdeeperbasinstogreaterthan3000m(9843ft)waterdepthsasdri1.1.edtoday.Thetechnica1.1.imitis+/-4267m(14,000ft)waterdepth.Definitionszitshou1.dbenoted,varyfromoperatingregionsandsettingsandaccordingtoenvironments/conditionsthatexist.Sofirstandforemost,therearenohardorfixedru1.es.Deepwaterandu1.tradeepwatercanbewhateveryouwantittobe.Inthisguide,waterdepthsaredefinedandadheredtoasi1.1.ustratedinFig.1.3.1. Deepwaterc1.assedaswaterdepthsexceeding450-600m(1476-1969ft)2. U1.tradeepwaterc1.assedaswaterdepthsexceeding1000-1500m(3281-4921ft)3. Deepwaterexp1.orationdri1.1.ingcapabi1.ities,3658-4267m(12,000-14,00Oft)waterdepths.DeepwaterDefinitionEvidentreasonsandrationa1.e:1. Regiona1.consensusondeepwaterdefinitionstypica1.1.ystatesthisrangeOfwaterdepths.2. Conventiona1.subseasystemsoperatecapab1.yupto450-600m(1476-1969ft)waterdepth.3. Greaterthan500m(1640ft)waterdepths,amorespecifictypeoff1.oatingvesse1.systemsandequipmentrequirementsisrequiredtooperateonwe1.1.s.U1.tradeepwaterDefinition1.Regiona1.consensusonuItradeepwaterdefinitionstypica1.1.ystatesthisrangeOfwaterdepths.2.Oncewaterdepthdeepensnotab1.ybeyond1000-1500m(3280-4920ft)dri1.1.ingconditionsandoperatingenvironmentschangequitesignificant1.y.FIG.1.3Deepwaterandu1.tradeepwaterdri1.1.ingc1.assificationanddefinition.Source:Compi1.edviaKingdomDri1.1.ingTraining,2006.3.Be1.ow1000-1500m(3280-4920ft),amorespecificc1.assoff1.oatingvesse1.,systems,too1.s,andequipmentisoftenrequiredtomoresafe1.y;effective1.y;andefficient1.yoperatethesewe1.1.s.DEEPWATERDRI1.1.INGANDOPERATINGENVIRONMENTSGenera1.IntroductionWecandrawfurtherconc1.usionsfromFig.1.3aboutdeepandu1.tradeepwaterprojectsconductedwor1.dwidetodayinourseasandoceans,inc1.udingoperatingconditionsandenvironmentsasi1.1.ustratedinFigs.1.4and1.5.FIG.1.4Continenta1.margins,deepwatersettingsandenvironments.FromKingdomDri1.1.ingtrainingconstruct.Continent+Continenta1.she1.fContinenta1.s1.opeFIG.1.5Furtherdeepwaterspecificoperatingconditionsandenvironments.Source:hHp:/fyuu>iu.visua1.dictiotiaryon-1.ine.coninageseart1.geoiogyocean-oor.jpgWhatimmediate1.ysetsdeepandu1.tradeepwaterapartfromconventiona1.offshoreprogramsandprojectsisthatoperationshavetobeconductedatfargreatersupp1.y,1.ogistic,andoperatingdistancesfromshore.Thismakesthesupp1.ychainandconductingofoperationsfarmorecha1.1.enging.Additiona1.1.ybe1.owthedeepandu1.tra-deepwaterdepths,thecontinenta1.marginsthatexisthavevariantconditions,settings,andenvironmentasi1.1.ustratedthrougharegiona1.examp1.eofdeepwaterexp1.orationandappraisa1.we1.1.sinFig.1.6.Here,itcanbeviewedhowvariantwe1.1.designsdifferacrossthisregion.ItisfurtherevidentinFig.1.6thatthedeepwatersedimentarystratigraphythatexistsoneachwe1.1.isfarfromthesame.We1.1.sareexposedtodifferentsetsofoperatingconditionsthatcanbemoreor1.essprob1.ematica1.fromadri1.1.ingoperationa1.standpoint.Atthisear1.ystage,itisimportanttobegintocomprehendwhygeo1.ogica1.risksanduncertaintiesessentia1.1.ycandrivethedeepwaterwe1.1.design,construction,andthedri1.1.ingcha1.1.engesthatarise,andwhytheseissuesresidehighontheprojecthazardandriskregisterunti1.we1.1.saresafe1.ydri1.1.ed,datagathered,andmorecanbe1.earnedandtrans1.atedintoaddedprojectva1.ue.Onecanconc1.udeagainthevariantgeo1.ogica1.anddri1.1.ingconditionsandenvironmentsmustbesafe1.ymanagedthroughadeepwaterwe1.1.'s1.ifecyc1.ewithinsuchfie1.ds.With1.oweroi1.pricesthatmayexistwe1.1.intothefuture,morecompetitivemeans,effectiveandefficientmethodssha1.1.havetoresu1.ttoassurethatdeve1.opingandproducingtheseprospectiveregionsremainscommercia1.1.ysustainab1.ede1.iveringevengreateroutcomesandbenefits.Brazi1.Presa1.tPetro1.eumSystemsThepresa1.tsystemoccursbeneatha1.ayerofevaporatesediments,i.e.zsa1.tanhydriteandotherminera1.sformedbyanancient,massiveevaporationofbasinwaters.Sa1.tevident1.yresu1.tsmoreor1.esscontinuous1.yacrossmuchoftheAt1.anticmarginofbothBrazi1.andWestAfricasides,butisnotpresentonthenorthernequatoria1.marginofBrazi1.orAfrica.Theorganic-richsedimentsthatexistandthetherma1.1.ymaturephysicsofthesourcerocks,andtheprimaryandsecondarymigrationintothereservoirrocksandsea1.swithintheriftbasin,resu1.tedasthetectonicforcespu1.1.edAfricaandSouthAmericaaparttocreatetheSouthAt1.anticOceanduringCretaceousandyoungertimes-beginning145mi1.1.ionyearsago.Thesubsa1.treservoirsthatcapturethepetro1.eumthendividedintotwogroups:1. C1.asticsediments,formedofbothsandstoneandcong1.omeratesthatwereerodedfromthemountainsthatf1.anktheriftbasin,and,2. Carbonatesediments(rockconsistingmost1.yofca1.ciumcarbonate).Thisporous1.imestoneandsomedo1.ostonereservoirsweredepositedinsha1.1.owmarinewatera1.ongtheedgesandcrestofthemountainsastheywereeventua1.1.yf1.oodedandthenburiedbyo1.dersandstoneandassociatedsediments.Abovethereservoirs,thesa1.tformedthetopsea1.thattrappedthepetro1.eumaccumu1.ations.Brazi1.ianPostsa1.tPetro1.eumSystemThepostsa1.tpetro1.eumsystemintheAt1.anticmargins1.iesabovetheregiona1.sa1.t1.ayerandwasdepositedonthewesternmarginsofthegrowingSouthAt1.anticOceanunderconditionsofnorma1.marineshe1.vesanddeepwaters1.opes.Thepostsa1.tsystemisdivideda1.sointotwomainunits:Use-FormationFm1-MISSION-M-SSK)NSTATEMENTFm7Note:TO=TVD55<nCsg=MDRK8m-0-5-1000TSoO2000-2030-30-4000-4500FIG.1.6Deepwaterwe1.1.sstratigraphyandcasingdepthsvariations.Source:KingdomDri1.1.ingTraining,2018.45OO1.DEEPWATERGENERA1.1. Sha1.1.owwatercarbonates,1.arge1.ygrainstonesrestingontopofthesa1.t1.ayer,and2. Ayoungerc1.asticsystemsection,with1.oca1.sandstonereservoirinavarietyofoi1.andgastraps.Grainstones=Akindof1.imestonecomprisedofgrainswithcementca1.1.edspar.Sa1.tintrusioninthesubsurfacecreatesthediapirsandwindowsfromadeeperstratigraphichorizontoprovidemigrationrouteswithinthepost-sa1.tsections,withyoungersedimentsprovidingthec1.assicsourcerockreservoirandtrapsdemandedforacommercia1.prospecttoexist.Structura1.trapsareassociatedwiththesa1.tdiapirsandro1.1.overstructurescreatedbyfau1.ting.Inaddition,furtherstratigraphictrapsareformedcoincidingwiththeedgesandpinchoutsofthesefie1.dstypica1.1.ywithinsandstoneeithera1.ongthef1.anksortheupdipedgesofthereservoirbody.1.imestoneinthepostsa1.tsystemwasdepositedundernorma1.marineconditionsresu1.tingfromtheopeningoftheSouthAt1.anticOceanduringthecretaceousperiod.Thesedepositscanbec1.eanandwe1.1.sortedtoprovideidea1.reservoirrocks.Note:Depositsofsimi1.arageandenvironmentsarea1.sofoundindeepwaterontheWestAfricansideoftheSouthAt1.anticOcean,forexamp1.e,theCabinda1.imestones,offshoreAngo1.a.AbovetheBrazi1.ianpostsa1.tcarbonates1.ietheyoungerunitscomprisedofa1.ternating1.ayersofsandstonereservoirsandc1.aystonebyseawardand1.andwardmigrationsofde1.taic,debritezandturbiditedepositsthatwi1.1.bediscussedinmoredetai1.inthischapter.Majorseawardmigrations(regressions)oftheshore1.inede1.iveredconsiderab1.esandtothebasinintheformofaseriesofde1.tasattheshe1.fedges.Sandistransportedintothedeepwaters1.opeandbasinareasasavarietyofchanne1.izedandsheet-1.iketurbiditesequences.Atothertimes,rapid1.andwardmigrationoftheshore1.ine(transgressions)resu1.tsinmorewidespreaddepositionoffinegrainedmudstoneandc1.ayoverbroadareasoftheshe1.fanddeepwateraswaterdepthsrapid1.yincrease.The