第八版病理生理学第三章水和电解质代谢紊乱课件.ppt
(Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance),第三章水和电解质代谢紊乱,(Normal metabolism of water and electrolyte),第一节水与电解质的正常代谢,精品资料,你怎么称呼老师?如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点,你是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进?你所经历的课堂,是讲座式还是讨论式?教师的教鞭“不怕太阳晒,也不怕那风雨狂,只怕先生骂我笨,没有学问无颜见爹娘 ”“太阳当空照,花儿对我笑,小鸟说早早早”,一、体液的容量和分布(Volume and distribution of body fluid),体内的水和溶解在其中的物质。,(Water and electrolytes balance),水与电解质平衡,Total body water (TBW) 60%,Transcellular fluid(third space) 1,影响体液容量的因素,年龄、性别、胖瘦,二、体液的电解质 (Electrolyte in body fluid),ECF: Na+、Cl-、 HCO3-,ICF: K +、 Mg2 +、 HPO42- Pr-,血Na 140 mmol/L血Cl 104 mmol/L血HCO3 24 mmol/L,平均正常值,三、体液的渗透压 和水的交换(Osmotic pressure of body fluid and water movement),(一)体液的渗透压(Osmotic pressure of body fluid),280310 mmol/L (mOsm/L),血浆渗透压,(二) 水的交换(Water movement ),1.细胞内外水的运动(water movement between outside-inside of cell),水自由通过,蛋白质、Na、K、Ca2+等不能自由通过,2.血管内外水的运动(water movement between outside-inside of capillary),蛋白质等大分子物质受限,水和电解质自由交换,3. 体内外水的运动(Water movement between outside-inside of body),每日最低尿量500ml,呼吸道失水,皮肤不显性蒸发,生理需水量: 1500ml/day,(从尿排代谢废物35g/日 最大浓度68g),三、水和钠的生理功能(Physiologic function of water and sodium),(一)水的生理功能(Function of body water),促进物质代谢 调节体温 润滑,(二)钠的生理功能(Physiologic function of sodium),维持体液的渗透压和酸碱平衡 参与细胞动作电位的形成,四、水与钠平衡的调节(Regulation of water and sodium balance),1.渴感(thirst),2.抗利尿激素(antidiuretic hormone , ADH),ECF渗透压,有效循环血量,3.醛固酮(aldosterone),有效循环血量,42岁男性,因恶心、呕吐、腹胀和腹部 绞痛3天入院。既往史:20岁做过阑尾切除术。体检: T 38.7C,脉搏104 beat/min BP 115/70 mmHg 腹胀,有压痛和反跳痛。 皮肤和舌干燥,尿量5ml/h化验:血Na152mmol/L, Cl-108mmol/L, K+ 5.4mmol/L, 尿比重1.038,Case study,woman 38 , 2-day history of weakness and postural dizziness(直立性眩晕 )History:laxative(泻药)abuse with multiple bowel movements each day Physical examination: BP 110/60 mmHg falls to 80/50 mmHg HR 100 beats/min and regular Skin turgor is poor The mucous membrane is dry,Case study,Laboratory testNa+ = 140 mmol/LK+ = 3.3 mmol/LCl- 116 mmol/LUrine Na+ = 9 mmol/LBUN = 40 mg/dLArterial pH = 7.25HCO3- = 12 mmol/L PaCO2 = 28 mmHg,(Disturbances of water and sodium balance),第二节 水、钠代谢紊乱,脱水(dehydration) 高渗性 低渗性 等渗性水过多(water excess) 水中毒 水 肿,类型(Classification),低钠血症(hyponatremia) The serum sodium concentration150 mmol/L,一、脱水(Dehydration),体液容量减少(2%)。To describe water deficit,1.概念(concept),低容量性高钠血症 (hypovolemic hypernatremia),(一) 高渗性脱水(hypertonic dehydration),water losssodium loss serumNa+ 150 mmol/L plasma osmotic pressure 310 mmol/L,2.原因 (causes),(1)入量不足(decrease of intake),(2)丢失过多(lost from ECF),水源断绝 丧失口渴感 进食困难,大量出汗尿崩症和渗透性利尿呼吸道蒸发,失水失Na+,3. 影响(effects),脱水热 (dehydration fever) 因皮肤蒸发水减少引起的体温上升。,高渗性脱水的主要发病环节 ECF高渗 主要脱水部位 ICF减少,4防治的病理生理基础(pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment),及时补水,适当补钠,1.概念(concept),低容量性低钠血症 (hypovolemic hyponatremia),(二) 低渗性脱水(Hypotonic dehydration),sodium loss water loss serumNa+ 130 mmol/L plasma osmotic pressure 280 mmol/L,2.原因 (causes),钠平衡调节: 多吃多排,少吃少排,不吃不排,丢失过多(lost from ECF),胃肠道丢失(gastrointestinal losses) 肾性失钠(renal losses) 皮肤丢失(skin losses) 液体积聚在第三间隙 (accumulate in third space),失Na+失水,水移入 细胞,3. 影响(effects),脱水征:因组织间液量减少,临床 上出现皮肤弹性减退、眼 窝下陷,婴幼儿囟门凹陷 等体征。,低渗性脱水的主要脱水部位 ECF 对病人的主要威胁 循环衰竭,4防治的病理生理基础(pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment),轻、中度补生理盐水 (机体排水量大于排Na+量),重度补少量高渗盐水 (减轻细胞水肿),1.概念(concept),(三) 等渗性脱水(Isotonic dehydration),sodium loss water loss serumNa+ 130150 mmol/L plasma osmotic pressure 280310 mmol/L,2.原因 (causes),丢失等渗液(lost isotonic fluid),胃肠道丢失(gastrointestinal losses) 肾性失钠(renal losses)皮肤丢失(skin losses)液体积聚在第三间隙(accumulate in third space),3. 影响(effects),ECF渗透压正常,血Na+正常,(1)血浆渗透压和血钠的变化?,(2)容量的变化?脱水的主要部位?,(3)激素水平的变化?,4防治的病理生理基础(pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment),补水量多于补Na+量,42岁男性,因恶心、呕吐、腹胀和腹部 绞痛3天入院。既往史:20岁做过阑尾切除术。体检: T 38.7C,脉搏104 beat/min BP 115/70 mmHg 腹胀,有压痛和反跳痛。 皮肤和舌干燥,尿量5ml/h化验:血Na 152 Cl- 108 K+ 5.4 尿比重 1.038,Case study,急性肠梗阻, hypertonic dehydration,woman 38 , 2-day history of weakness and postural dizziness(直立性眩晕 )History:laxative(泻药)abuse with multiple bowel movements each day Physical examination: BP 110/60 mmHg falls to 80/50 mmHg HR 100 beats/min and regular Skin turgor is poor The mucous membrane is dry,Case study,Laboratory test:Na+ = 140 mmol/LK+ = 3.3 mmol/LCl- 116 mmol/LUrine Na+ = 9 mmol/LBUN = 40 mg/dLArterial pH = 7.25HCO3- = 12 mmol/L PaCO2 = 28 mmHg,Case study,病史:62岁男性,嵌顿性腹股沟疝入院。体检:消瘦、虚弱、舌干、组织充盈差治疗:术前 NS 1L 术中 NS 1.5L 术后 NS 1L GS 2L昏昏欲睡、躁动,血Na+133 mmol/L GS 1L昏迷、抽搐、死亡,What happened in the patient?,二、水过多(Water excess),体液容量增多。,1.概念(concept),高容量性低钠血症 (hypervolemic hyponatremia),(一)水中毒(water intoxication),低渗性液体在体内潴留的病理过程 serumNa+ 130 mmol/L plasma osmotic pressure 280 mmol/L,2.原因 (causes),(1) 水排出减少 (decrease of water excretion),(2) ADH分泌过多,急、慢性肾功能障碍,应激 ADH分泌异常增多综合症 syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion,(3) 入水过多,水潴留,3. 影响(effects),细胞内外液量均,渗透压均,水潴留的主要部位是细胞内,对机体危害最大的是脑水肿,4防治的病理生理基础(pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment),预防,限水,排泄:利尿,转移:小剂量高渗盐水 (减轻细胞水肿),(二) 水肿(Edema),1概念(concept) 过多的液体积聚在组织间隙。Accumulation of excess fluid within the interstitial spaces.,过多的液体在体腔内积聚又称为积水 (hydrops)。,1分类(Classification ),(4)按水肿液存在状态,显性水肿(frank edema) 又称凹陷性水肿(pitting edema),隐性水肿(recessive edema),粘液性水肿(myxedema),2. 水肿的机制 (mechanisms of edema),影响组织液生成回流的基本因素,(1)血管内外液体交换异常(imbalance of exchange between intra- and extra-vascular fluid),组织液生成回流,Alteration in capillary hemodynamics that favors the movement of fluid from the vascular space into interstitium.,毛细血管流体静压增高(increased capillary hydrostatic pressure),血浆胶体渗透压降低(decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure) 摄入; 合成; 丢失,微血管壁通透性(increased capillary permeability),漏出液(transudate)蛋白质含量低,比重低,细胞数少渗出液(exudate)蛋白质含量高,比重高, 白细胞多,淋巴回流障碍(lymphatic obstruction),(2) 体内外液体交换平衡失调(imbalance of exchange between intra- and extra-body fluid),肾小球滤出钠、水9999.5 肾小管重吸收6570 近曲小管吸收0.51 滤出液排出,(decreased glomerular filtration rate),滤过面积有效循环血量,肾小球滤过率下降,肾小管重吸收增加,(Increased tubular reabsorption),肾内血流重新分布,肾小球滤过分数增高(滤过分数肾小球滤过率/肾血浆流量),球-管平衡失调的机制,(net filtration pressure),肾小球有效滤过压,Blood hydrostatic pressure(BHP) 60 mmHg out,Colloid osmotic pressure(COP) -32 mmHg in,Capsular pressure(CP) -18 mmHg in,Net filtration pressure(NFP) 10 mmHg out,NFP,BHP,60 out,COP,32 in,CP,循环血量减少:出球小动脉收缩入球小动脉收缩肾小球滤过率/肾血浆流量 滤过分数增加,血浆从肾小球滤出增多管周血管中胶体渗透压相对增高血流量减少,流体静压相对降低近曲小管重吸收钠水增多,3.常见全身性水肿的 发病机制及特点,心性水肿(cardiac edema)左心衰心源性肺水肿 右心衰心性水肿,特点:因重力作用先发于下垂部位,机制,右心功能,(Potassium homeostasis and its disorders),第三节 钾代谢及钾代谢障碍,病理生理教研室 吴立玲,病史: 男41岁,呕吐4天, 不能进食食物和水。既往史:胃溃疡,服用抗酸药治疗。体检:重病容。血压100/60mmHg 心率90 beats/min 皮肤干燥、弹性差, 腱反射减弱。,Case study,化验:血Na+145mmol/L Cl-92mmol/L K+2.6mmol/L HCO3-34mmol/L BUN35mg/dl EKG:T波低平,ST段降低 抽出3升胃内容物,一、正常钾代谢(Normal metabolism of potassium),1. 摄入(intake): 食物,2. 吸收(absorption): 肠道,3. 分布(distribution): 98% 细胞内(ICF) 2% 细胞外(ECF) serum K+ 3.55.5mmol/L,4. 排泄(excretion) : 肾(urine 80%90) 肠 (feces 10) 皮肤 (sweat),体内钾(50mmol/Kg体重),Distribution and content of potassium within body,5. 功能(function),参与细胞代谢(Promoting the cell metabolism),维持细胞膜静息电位 (Maintenance of the resting membrane potential),调节渗透压和酸碱平衡 (Regulating the osmotic pressure and acid-base balance),6. 钾平衡的调节(Regulation of potassium balance),跨细胞转移,肾调节,1. 激素:胰岛素,儿茶酚胺2. 细胞外液的K+浓度3. 酸碱平衡,影响钾在细胞内外转移的因素,醛固酮: Na- K+泵活性细胞外液的K+浓度酸碱平衡: H使Na-K泵活性远曲小管液流速加快,影响肾排钾的因素,二、低钾血症(Hypokalemia),概念 (concept) Serum K+ 3.5mmol/L,缺钾(potassium deficit) 体内钾缺失,(一)原因和机制(Causes and mechanisms),1. 摄入不足 (decreased K+ intake),钾来源减少,不吃也排,Hypokalemia,2. 失钾过多(increased K+ excretion),消化液丢失,肾失钾,排钾性利尿剂渗透性利尿皮质激素、醛固酮 Cusings disease远曲小管腔内阴离子,3.钾向细胞内转移 (K shifts into the cells),胰岛素治疗(insulin therapy),碱中毒(alkalosis),低钾性家族性周期性麻痹 (hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis),碱中毒(alkalosis),H+,血K+ ,(二)对机体的影响 (Effects),对神经肌肉兴奋性的影响 (effects on neuromuscular excitability),神经肌肉兴奋性,血K+,机制(mechanism),超极化阻滞(hyperpolarized blocking),因静息电位与阈电位距离增大而使神经肌肉兴奋性降低的现象。,表现 (manifestations),CNS:萎靡、倦怠、嗜睡,骨骼肌:四肢无力软瘫,呼吸肌麻痹,胃肠道平滑肌:食欲不振、腹胀、 麻痹性肠梗阻,2.对心脏的影响(effects on the heart),血K+,膜对K+ 通透性,K+外流,静息膜电位,0期Na+内流, 0期除极化,自动除极化, 2期Ca2+ 内流,心肌代谢障碍,复极延缓T波低平,出现U波,传导性P-R间期延长, QRS波增宽,自律性房性、室性期前收缩,心电图的变化,低钾血症时心电图的改变,3.对肾功能的影响(effect on renal function),4.对酸碱平衡的影响(effect on acid-base balance),(三) 防治的病理生理基础(Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment),先口服后静脉见尿补钾控制量和速度严禁静脉注射,三、高钾血症(Hyperkalemia),概念(Concept) Serum K+ 5.5mmol/L,(一)原因和机制(Causes and mechanisms),1. 排钾减少(decreased K+ excretion),少尿(oliguria),潴钾性利尿剂,醛固酮,2. K+从细胞内逸出(K+ shifts out of cells),细胞损伤(cell injury),酸中毒(acidosis),高钾性周期性麻痹 (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis),3. 入钾过多(increased K+ intake),酸中毒(acidosis),H+,血K+ ,(二)对机体的影响(Effects),1. 对神经肌肉兴奋性的影响 (effects on neuromuscular excitability),神经肌肉兴奋性先后,血K+ ,机制(mechanism),除极化阻滞 (hypopolarized blocking),静息电位等于或低于阈电位使细胞兴奋性降低的现象。,2.对心脏的影响(effects on the heart),心肌兴奋性先后,血K+,细胞内外 K+差,静息电 位,与阈电位距离,兴奋性, 低于阈电位, 兴奋性,0期Na+内流,0期除极化,传导性,膜对K+通 透性, 4期K+外流, 自动除极化, 自律性,Ca2+内流,收缩性,3期K+外流,复极加速 T波高尖,传导性 P-R间期延长 QRS波增宽,传导阻滞及自律性 心律失常,心电图的变化,高钾血症时心电图的变化,3.对酸碱平衡的影响(effects on acid-base balance),(三) 防治的病理生理基础(Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment),减少血钾来源,促进钾移入细胞,对抗钾的毒性,排钾,病史: 男41岁,呕吐4天, 不能进食食物和水。既往史:胃溃疡,服用抗酸药治疗。体检:重病容。血压100/60mmHg 心率90 beat/min 皮肤干燥、弹性差, 腱反射减弱。,Case study,化验:血Na+145mmol/L Cl-92mmol/L K+2.6mmol/L HCO3-34mmol/L BUN35mg/dl EKG:T波低平,ST段降低 抽出3升胃内容物诊断: 幽门梗阻,