大学英语四级阅读理解部分课件.ppt

大学英语四级阅读理解部分,外语系,大学英语四级阅读理解部分外语系,篇章阅读要求,体裁方面议论文说明文新闻评述记叙文,题材方面人文科学自然科学,篇章阅读要求体裁方面题材方面,题材评述,梳理把握广泛多样的题材，是“知己知彼”的第一步。以下是近五年阅读命题题材分布情况。文化教育 2007.6 学习写作 2007.12 远程教育 2009.12 大学招聘美国高层管理人才原因科技环保 2008.6 全球变暖 2009.6 环保时装， 一滴水一个世界 2010.6 黑匣子的功能热点新闻 2007.6 性别歧视,题材评述梳理把握广泛多样的题材，是“知己知彼”的第一步。以,题材评述,经济商贸 2006.12 瓶装水的成功推广 2008.12 商店如何应对顾客投诉生命健康 2006.12 健康新解 2008.12 男性比女性更易得病社会生活 2008.6 保护隐私 2007.12 子女教育 2009.12 美国黑人女性形象 2010.6 正面思维与负面思维 2010.12 人们工作角色转变的原因 婚姻与长寿,题材评述经济商贸 2006.12 瓶装水的成功推,识别文体,说明文（最常见） 第一句通常为主题句结构： 提出问题分析问题解决问题格式： 比较， 对照，分类，列举。Tip. 抓住文章主题，同时把握个层次的要点。议论文 论点-论据Tips. 抓住论点，论据，明确作者论证方法是归纳还是演绎抓住表示因果because, as a result, therefore，递进moreover, in addition，转折but, however等的信号词注意作者使用的表达赞同反对等感情色彩的形容词，副词或句型。,识别文体说明文（最常见） 第一句通常为主题句,词汇要求,1. 题干中的关键词有50%能在原文中找到，还有一小部分是同义词替换。（定位原文） 08.1 65 refine the story-correct the story2.定位原文后，不一定能直接找到答案，很多时候是同义替换 A背高频词汇 （复用单词 一词多义一词多性） B。加强同义替换意识 同义替换的重要性 1.找出答案位置需要同义替换意识 2.得出正确答案需要同义替换意识Example:The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc., has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worthQ. it seems that the controversy over the values of MBA degrees has been fueled by _.Controversy-debate fueled-inspired2. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged _.原文： , people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy.Answer: to give up their former way of life,词汇要求1. 题干中的关键词有50%能在原文中找到，还有一小,攻克长难句,常常涉及考点，所以不能跳过略过。会影响我们整体阅读的流畅性突破长难句：四级阅读中的很多句子都比较长，很多句子都在20个单词以上，它们不时的出没于四级阅读中，构成了一个个obstacle。其中，1995年6月大学英语四级考试阅读理解的第三篇文章的第三句话长达80个词，句子结构的复杂程度不亚于GRE阅读，现展示如下：In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details， important notwithstanding(然而), as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing.,攻克长难句 常常涉及考点，所以不能跳过略过。,长难句,从真题一篇阅读理解的首句也可以看出四级阅读中部分句子的结构的复杂程度。A breakthrough(突破) in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Communities) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EECs research effort in this field, according to senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan. ,长难句 从真题一篇阅读理解的首句也可以看出四级阅读中部分句,长难句,实用的原则： 修饰成分全找出来之后，用括号把每个修饰成分括起来，留在括号外面的就是主干 然后，按照一般顺序，谓语在前，宾语（或表语）在后，这样我们就有了主谓宾（或主系表）的主干结构了最后把修饰成分按对应的位置加上去，整个句子的结构就把握住了。,长难句 实用的原则： 修饰成分全找出来之后，用括号把每个修,长难句常涉及的类型,1.双重否定句 负负得正，把两个表示否定的结构都去掉。No, not, hardly,seldom,never little, few, small 应注意的词根词缀 de-/dis-/un-/in-There are probably no questions (that)we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness.Answer: Man can find solutions sooner or later to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up.,长难句常涉及的类型1.双重否定句 负负得正，把两个表示否,长难句常涉及的类型,2.分词做状语类 （主干，现在分词、过去分词）Eg.1 Motivated in part by Christian compassion for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the worlds first workers compensation law in 1884.Motivated by-Chancellor BismarkQ: The worlds first compensation law was introduced by Bismark _Answer: out of religious and political considerations.Eg.2 08.1 66解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。,长难句常涉及的类型 2.分词做状语类 （主干，现在分词、过去,长难句常涉及的类型,3. 定语从句类规律：找真正的谓语动词时， 如果定语从句修饰主语，找第二个可以做谓语的动词，第一个是属于定语从句的谓语动词。Tips. 先括出定语从句部分，跳出从句，抓住主干再解题。The mother of the young man Wilde was intimate with accused him at the banquet of sexually influencing her son.,长难句常涉及的类型3. 定语从句类,长难句常涉及的类型,4.倒装句类类型 1） only/ not only/ nor/ neither在句首2）介词短语在句首 较难Example: Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century.找主语 along with-prep them -objective form so, social mobility 后面两个同位语Tips: 分析词性找出谓语与主语，将主语调至谓语之前再理解文章。,长难句常涉及的类型4.倒装句类,长难句涉及的类型,5.强调句型 It isthat 应对方法：多训练，熟悉句式，把读到过的四级文章中的所有的看不懂的长难句全部总结起来，摘抄到一个本子上面，翻译。当翻译到100句的时候，会发现长难句不过那么五六种。当看到101句的时候，你会马上给它归类。,长难句涉及的类型 5.强调句型,命题考点及规律,1、列举处常考 列举处指的是First,，second, ，Third, 等逐步列出，然后要求考生从列举出的内容中，选出符合题干要求的答案项。该考点常出题型是细节事实题。,命题考点及规律 1、列举处常考,命题考点及规律,例1. 原文：The third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures: firstly, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law. Secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways. Q: Whats the policemans biggest headache? (A) He has to get the most desirable results without breaking the law in any way. (B) He has to justify his arrests while unable to provide sufficient evidence in most cases. (C) He can hardly find enough time to learn criminal law while burdened with numerous criminal cases. (D) He has to provide the best possible public service at the least possible expense. (分析：选A。属事实细节题。依据文章，与电影中的警察很不相同的是，现实中警察既要绝对遵守法（firstly,）,又要及时破案（secondly,）,这令他们很难两头兼顾，有时只有犯规。很明显，B、C、D三项都与文章内容不符。),命题考点及规律例1. 原文：The third big d,命题考点及规律,2. 强调处、绝对处、最高处 the only only在句首做状语It is that must all , anyone, never, most, sole, just, simply, unique08.6 66 61 2010. 6 58 best2010. 6 61 only,命题考点及规律2. 强调处、绝对处、最高处 the on,命题考点及规律,3、举例子打比喻的地方常考 为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者经常用具体的例子打比方，句中常由as, such as, for example, for instance, as an illustration, that is, to name a few, as follows等引导的短语或句子作为举例句，这些例句或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心紧密相关的，常以“细节事实性”题型和“推断性”题型出现，但偏倾于“推断性”题型。关注其前或后总结性的句子 .答案基本符合“中心思想即是答案的解题思路”,命题考点及规律 3、举例子打比喻的地方常考,命题考点及规律,4. 特殊标点处 破折号，冒号，引号等作者为了正确表达出自己观点或使论点更有依据，常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。命题者常在此作文章。多以“推理性”题为主，有时也出“细节事实性”题型。 例There is a senseless notion that children grew up and leave home when theyre 18, and the truth is far from that,says sociologist Larry Bumpers of the University of Wisconsin. Q: There was apparently a trend in the USA _,命题考点及规律 4. 特殊标点处 破折号，冒号，引号等,命题考点及规律,5、转折处与强对比处常考 however, nevertheless, in contrast, otherwise, on the other hand, by comparison, but ,yet, while, although, whereas , even if, likewise, similarly, in the same way, in the same manner, as if, as2010.6 59,命题考点及规律 5、转折处与强对比处常考,命题考点及规律,6.主题句处 段首段尾处 主旨题 、态度题较多7.因果关系处 信号词 for this reason, for, as , because, since, as a result of, owing to, thanks to, due to, as a result, therefore, consequently, thus, accordingly, so,命题考点及规律 6.主题句处,命题考点及规律,8. 定义结论处In my opinion, my view is, as I see, conclude 通常考查文章的中心观点或引用的观点9.数字年代处 关注数字、年份 常出现于细节题,命题考点及规律8. 定义结论处,命题考点及规律,10.复杂句常考 复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句，从句、不定式、副词等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间指代关系。 一般来说，备选项的长度不会超过15个单词，这就意味着长难句中的大部分信息只是起干扰作用。要找到真正与答题相关的信息，关键在于根据题干信息在长难句的内部进行定位，然后从备选项中找出意思一致的答案。,命题考点及规律 10.复杂句常考,Example,But my own worry is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.32. The authors biggest concern is _.Concern-worry biggestlessthanD. the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class. skill act of reading,ExampleBut my own worry is les,篇章阅读要求,题型介绍事实细节题推理判断题语义理解题主旨大意题观点态度题,篇章阅读要求题型介绍,事实细节题通常从一个句子中找到答案,提问方式： 灵活多样，涉及短文的各种细节，如时间 地点原因结果方式等理解要点： 具体信息和概念性含义解题步骤： 定位分析和选项分析,事实细节题通常从一个句子中找到答案 提问方式：,事实细节题,步骤： 1.准确定位 1）关键词-A。 专有名词 （人名，地名）B。比较明显的描述性词汇C。副词、形容词，尤其一些程度词，比较词。D.特殊印刷字体 及其同义替换Eg.1According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager _.原文： A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. Ones physical assets dont count all that much in a managerial career. （make every day count）Eg.2The author ends the passage with the implication that _.Starts. Why-middle (put forward question-analyze-solve) solutionend2)顺序定位 例： 36. 。the years 1976-1978 37.What influences the birth rate most in the United States is (the US 整个选材依据，不能作为关键词). 38. The sentence “” (Line 4, Para 2),事实细节题,事实细节题,2.选项分析同义替换 （很少原文照搬）B. a persons outward appearance is not a critical qualification. 排除干扰项 - 联系主题,事实细节题2.选项分析,事实细节题,干扰项特征： 1） 偷梁换柱 越像的越不对 十个单词有九个与原文一致，只有一个不一样。 2）他处细节The idea of “improvement factor”(para.3 line 8) implies roughly:A. wages should be paid on the basis of length of service (P. 3, L.7)B. (P.3, L.8)C.(P.3, L2) D. (P.2, L6)距离远的免谈。 A, C.D,事实细节题,细节题的常考点,举例、列举处。关键词：for example, such as, firstly, on the other hand, in addition not onlybut also 例证题 example 看不懂没关系，收索例证周围区域，10%向下，90%向上 Eg. It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because onceOne thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you dont at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increase. Consider Beths story: I did not get what I wanted when I didnt ask for it. 58.What can be inferred from Beths story? A. If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for itl,细节题的常考点举例、列举处。关键词：for example,细节题的常考点,特殊标点处 如引号、冒号、破折号 08.1 64 2007.1 62 2006.6 65 2006.1 62 07.1 原文As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease- especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behavior, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. 62. Today medical care is placing more stress on _. A. keeping people in a healthy physical conditionB. Monitoring patients body functionsC. Removing peoples bad living habits.D. Ensuring peoples psychological well-being.,细节题的常考点,细节题的常考点,指代关系 关键词如：it, that these those they 08.1 57例：08.1 原文 By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. In just a few years, 34 percent of American universities have begun offering some form of distance learning. And among the larger schools ,its closer to 90 percent. If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably havent heard of the University of Phoenix. It grants degrees entirely on the basis of online instruction. It enrolls 90,000students, statistic used to support its claim to be the largest university in the country. 57. What is the most striking feature of the University of Phoenix?A.All its courses are offered online.B. Its online courses are of the best quality.C.It boasts the largest number of students on campus.D. Anyone taking its online courses is sure to get a degree.,细节题的常考点,事实细节题,转折、对比之后的观点。关键词：but, however, rather, yet, instead 09.1 58,61 62 63.2010.60，62。08.6 原文 when opinion polls ask Americans about privacy most say they are concerned about losing it But people say one thing and do another, Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. 65. What do most Americans do with regard to privacy protection?They change behaviors that might disclose their identity.They use various loyalty cards for business transactions.They rely more and more on electronic devices.They talk a lot but hardly do anything about it.强调处 only 08.6 66 08.1 59 比较处 morethan less.than most 07.6 60,事实细节题转折、对比之后的观点。关键词：but, howev,事实细节题,强调处 only 08.6 66 08.1 59 (primarily)例 08.6 原文 But privacy does matterat least sometimes. Its like health; when you have it, you dont notice it. Only when its gone do you wish youd done more to protect it.66. According to the passage, privacy is like health in that _.People will make every effort to keep it.Its importance is rarely understood.Its something that can easily be lost.People dont cherish it until they lose it.,事实细节题强调处 only 08.6 66,事实细节题,比较处 morethan less.than most 07.6 60 09.1 61原文：(10.12 )Even if the odds are stacked against you(一切对你不利), marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart.Q. Linda Waites studies support the idea that_. C. marriage can help make up for ill health.,事实细节题比较处 morethan les,文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。,提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。,事实细节型,解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。,文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关,Passage 1 In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper for-eign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的）society.,练习题,细节题,解释,Passage 1练习题细节题解释,Question: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraphA. GM is one of the largest car producers.B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.,文章,解释,Question: Which of the followi,【解析】答案为C。take sth. away of sb.和 cast sb. sth. 的意思相似。 本段落以一、二句引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。 寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。,文章,【解析】答案为C。take sth. away of sb.,推理判断题：高考重头戏，20个题中常有6-8个，着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。,以原文内容为前提，据作者的观点理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。,推理判断型,透过现象看本质，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。,推理判断题：高考重头戏，20个题中常有6-8个,推理判断题（做题要领）,既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。,推理判断题（做题要领） 既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息,推理判断型常见的命题方式有： The passage implies (暗示) that_. We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that_.Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?What is the tone (语气) of the author ?What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?The passage is intended to _.Where would this passage most probably appear?,推理判断型常见的命题方式有：,Passage4 The concept (n. 观念 ) of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. About 90 percent of all illnesses might be preventable if individual (n. 个人 ) made sound ( adj. 健康的 ) personal health choices based upon present (adj.现在的) medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it limited when it is within the legal (adj. 法律的 ) and moral boundaries ( n.界限 ) of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may affect our health. If we do desire, we can smoke , drink much, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we want, and live a completely sedentary (adj. 久坐的，劳心的 ) lifestyle without any exercise.,练习题,解释,P5,Passage4 练习题解释P5,Q: The concept of personal choice about health is important because_. A. personal