雅思学术写作需遵循的10个核心准则.doc

雅思学术写作需遵循的10个核心准则 雅思写作一直都是中国考生的弱项，The Elements of Style一书中，作者提到了关于英文写作的10个核心准则一起来学习一下。下面就和大家分享雅思学术写作需遵循的10个核心准则,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。雅思学术写作需遵循的10个核心准则Elementary principles of composition1. Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic不同的段落构成*，每个段落仅传递一个观点2. As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning规则：每个段落均以主题句开头，并且首尾呼应。A. the topic sentence comes at or near the beginning;主题句前置B. the succeeding sentences explain or establish or develop the statement made in the topic sentence;段落围绕主题句展开，后面的句子对主题句进行展开解释C. the final sentence either emphasizes the thought of the topic sentence or states some important consequence.末尾句或者对主题句进行强调，或者阐述主题句带来的结果。3. Use the active voice主动句永远比被动句直接有力Eg: There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground= Dead leaves covered the ground. (清晰生动)Eg: The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired.= Failing health compelled him to leave college. (简洁有力)Eg: It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he had.= He soon repented his words. (简洁有力)4. Put statements in positive form以肯定的形式表达否定的意思, 避免使用平淡、毫无色彩，犹豫不决和含糊其辞的语言。Eg：He was not very often on time.= He usually came late.Eg: He did not think that studying Latin was much use.= He thought the study of Latin useless.Eg: The taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeares works.= The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.5. Omit needless words删除冗词Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.有力的写作一定简洁。Owing to the fact that=Since (because)In spite of the fact that=Though (although)Call your attention to the fact that=Remind you (notify you)The fact that he had not succeeded=His failure6. Avoid a succession of loose sentences别写流水账，找找语言的逻辑关系，通过who, which, when, where, and while 这些词把句子串起来。7. Express co-ordinate ideas in similar formParallel structure 平行结构讲究对称美：内容对等，结构一致。Eg: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.Parallel structure: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.8. Keep related words together词的位置决定词的关系，所以遵循物以类聚，意思关联紧密的词放在一块。A: 主谓之间不分割，补充信息需前置Eg: Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a minute description of this church.In the fifth book of the Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute description of this church. (状语前置，主谓毗邻)B：关系代词紧随先行词出现Eg: There was a look in his eye that boded mischief.In his eye was a look that boded mischief. (名词look先行，关系词that紧随)9. In summaries, keep to one tense总结通常使用现在时态，如果使用过去时，请保持时态一致。10. Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end欲擒故纵的圆周句(periodic sentence)中，强调信息后置。Eg: Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as setoff against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.雅思写作高分技巧：必备语法知识点大作文需要备好各种从句：其中5.5分以上必备三大经典从句：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句)1. 定语从句：多用who(指人)、which(指物)、that(即可指人也可以指物)，还有一个经典的容易被忽视的定语从句在大作文中可以表达事件发生的原因：即由why引导的固定句型.the reason(s) why.E.g:There may be some reasons why entertainment stars earn high salaries but overall Iagree that they are overpaid.2. 宾语从句：*中提出观点的好句型，无论是你自己的观点还是*中原来给出的观点都可以。建议多用that引导的，不容易出错，如：some people think/agree/suggest/insist that.E.g:A growing number of parents believe that being overly dependent on social networkingwebsites only makes their children more isolated in the real world.3.状语从句：状语的种类特别多，所以状语从句是你最能够表现句型多样化的机会。牢记以下几种状从的分类，句子的丰富性自然就出来了：A.时间状语从句(引导词：when/as/while/since/the moment.)E.g:The related sectors should take effective measures the moment the problem appeared.B.地点状语从句(引导词：where/wherever)E.g:Generally，air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.C.原因状语从句(引导词：because/since/as/seeing that.)E.g:As this policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very unpopularwith everyone who needs to travel on the roads.D.条件状语从句(引导词：if/as long as/providing that/provided that.)E.g:The government will increase its support for public education, provided that such funds canbe put to good use.E.让步状语从句(就是转折关系，引导词：though/although/while/no matterwho/where/which/how.)E.g:hile (表示二者对比)some people link happiness to wealth and material success, othersthink it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships.ven though it is unlikely that all workers do feel happy in their work, I think it is notunrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job.雅思备考:雅思写作的5个丢分误区误区一：背大学四六级词汇就能顺利通过雅思写作考试雅思写作考试，相当多数量的高中生听说只要花时间把大学四六级的单词全部背熟就能参加雅思写作考试。这种错误的观念目前普遍存在于正积极准备参加雅思考试的广大高中生，乃至大学生中。其实，大学四六级英语考试和雅思考试完全是2种不同的英文测试系统，2者没有内在联系，应试方法也大相径庭。从写作角度来说，雅思的学术类大作文没有所谓的词库，而学术类报告的常用词汇和国内英语考试写作的词汇又是完全不同的。所以高中生花大精力在背诵和记忆大学四六级词汇无疑是浪费时间和青春的一种行为。笔者的学生中有很多已经顺利通过大学四六级考试，有的甚至是高分通过，但是他们的雅思写作分数却是很低，有些甚至连5分都没有到。显然仅靠背诵四六级词汇是无法顺利通过雅思写作考试的。针对这一误区，建议考生多阅读国外学术类报告，积累词汇和惯用句型，或者看剑桥雅思系列真题集1-7，里面的阅读*包括附录中考官给出的高分范文中的词汇都是雅思写作考试的重要词汇。此外，有时间的高中生当然应该去参加专业和系统的雅思考前培训，在较短的时间内，职业的雅思培训师会教会你们如何正确科学并高效地准备雅思考试。误区二：裸考雅思，以考代替复习有些高中生认为只要多参加雅思考试，分数自然会提高;而且他们说也没有太多时间看书复习或是参加雅思培训班。雅思考试并不是一门“廉价”的考试，参加一次雅思考试基本费用为人民币1456元。有些去外省市考试的同学还要考虑交通和住宿费用。对于绝大多数高中生的家庭来说，这并不是一笔很小的开支。因此不断连续参加雅思考试，屡战屡败，屡败屡战不是很聪明的方法。而且考多了会对高中生的心理产生一定的影响。尽管雅思考试并不像高考那样一考定终生，每年有40多场雅思考试可以参加。但是毫无准备的去参加考试本身是一种不成熟和对自己不负责，对父母血汗钱的一种亵渎。因此建议高中生必须经过系统培训或者自学后，有一定的准备和把握了再去参加雅思考试，以期顺利通过。误区三：反复做剑桥真题系列，就能得到写作高分剑桥真题系列是一套非常经典和权威的雅思应考资料，可以这么说，所有准备参加雅思考试的考生基本人手都有一套剑桥的教材。有高中生将其作为圣经，反复做里面的套题，以期节省培训费用和时间，在雅思考试中取得不错的分数。诚然，笔者接触过几个没有参加过任何培训，只是通过做剑桥真题就考出不错成绩的同学。但是这些同学共同的一个特征就是英语基本功扎实，智力很高，逻辑思维出色，学习方法得当。但是对于普通高中生来说，只做真题，不总结，不反复推敲，显然是不行的。正确的做法是要仔细拜读剑桥附录中考官撰写的雅思范文，推敲其段落布局，词汇句型，发展思路等。有条件的同学可以请职业雅思培训师帮你们解读，或者参加培训班的时候听老师的讲解。误区四：大量背诵写作模板很多高中生过于相信一些写作论坛或者写作书上推荐的写作模板，并且将其运用到雅思考试中去，但是最后的分数却是差强人意。其实模板作为一种解读雅思写作思路的工具还是起到一定作用的，考生可以通过阅读写作模板来迅速了解雅思写作段落布局和层次。但是谈及考试时的运用，笔者不敢苟同。多年第一线雅思写作培训过程中，凡是写作在7分以上的学生，几乎没有人是使用写作模板的。而且钟情于模版的学生一般的写作分数甚至连6分都不到。所以不推荐同学大量背诵写作模板，理由很简单，写作是“活”的，模板是“死”的。正确的方法是多写，写之前要对雅思的2部分写作结构有一定了解，词汇和句型要有一定积累，最好是能参加专业培训，遇到一些有经验的写作老师，在你考前助你一臂之力，这样一定可以取得理想的成绩。误区五：光看范文而不写只看不写肯定不能在雅思写作考试中考出应有成绩。因为雅思写作考试只有1小时时间，而且要完成2篇高质量学术*。高中生平时只是单纯阅读高分范文或者老师写的*，而自己不去亲力亲为地写作的话，首先无法对于时间有个很好的掌控，即使是英语专业的学生，若在考试前不写的话也是不行的。其次，如果不写的话有些单词拼写错误或者句型语法错误就无法及时暴露，从而这些语法错误只能成为最终考试的绊脚石。因此参加雅思考试的高中生在考试前一定要练习一定数量的写作题目。