医学英语术语速记讲义ppt课件.ppt

医学英语术语速记How to master medical term rapidly,what,ThrombocytopeniaLymphocytic Leukemia,医学英语术语:上述这些单词来源于希腊或拉丁词根,有特定的医学含义，我们将之统称为 医学英语术语（medical term）;医学术语学：而将专门研究它的学问称为医学术语学（medical terminology）:An introduction to the language of veterinary and human medicine,上述的医学术语有的人可能不认识，但下面的单词相信您是认识的,carcinoma 癌 hepatitis 肝炎cholesterol 胆固醇,Why,三个数字10万1.0万0.1万,医学英语术语究竟有多少?很难说清楚。最常用的恐怕也不下1万条左右，若包括较常用的在内总有数万条；一部比较完全的医学词典，通常都收载有10万条左右的医学词汇。,而且，随着医学及其边缘科学的迅猛发展，新的术语仍在与日俱增。特别是最近几十年来，每年差不多要出现1000条左右新术语。因而总的说来，医学英语术语的条数是一个非常可观的数量。,除了上述三个原因以外，还有一个“词条冗长”的问题。固然有些医学英语术语和普通的英语单词差不多，仅由几个字母或十几个字母组成，通过反复地读和写能够记住它们，但也有不少的医学英语术语，却是长长的一大串.,例如： cystoureteropyelonephritis 膀胱输尿管肾盂肾炎 hepatocholangioenterostomy 肝管小肠吻合术,请看这样的医学英语术语，一般由30个字母组成，如果凭藉我们的记忆能力，硬是把它们一个字母一个字母地连续背下来，显然也不是一件轻松的事。,问题已经摆出来了，一个是数量大，一个是词条长，怎么解决呢?我们能不能仔细地研究分析一下这千千万万条医学英语术语的构成规律，找出一条“捷径”来，使其由多至少、化繁为简、从难变易，以利于我们更快、更多、更好地把它们掌握起来?,How to master medical term rapidly,规律性,medical term ：按构词规则构成的词占80；另一部分是人名，药名等构成的词,占20；,先介绍几个有关词结构方面的概念。,词根是一个单词的核心词缀包括前缀和后缀（prefix and suffix）词素（morpheme）泛指词根和词缀一条医学英语术语的构成，“原则上”应该是采用来源一致的词素。当以两个或两个以上词素构成一条医学英语术语时，为了读音上的便利，常常需要在两个词素之间额外加上一个“连合元音”(也叫“复合形”或“结合形”，Combining form)。一般说来，在两个希腊词素之间常加用元音“O”，而在两个拉丁词素之间常加用元音“i”(但有时也有例外)。,第一节 医学英语术语 构词规则,下面先举出几个例子，以便取得一个初步印象。,希腊词素 连合元音 希腊词素 希腊词素 pyel 十 o 十 nephr 十 itis 词根(肾盂) 词根(肾) 词尾(炎) pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎,希腊词素 连合元音 希腊词素 连合元音 希腊词素 leuk + o + cyt + o + peria 词根(白) 词根(细胞) 词尾(减少，不足) 1eukocytopenia 白细胞减少,拉丁词素 连合元音 拉丁词素 mult 十 i 十 para 词根(多) 词尾(产，产妇) multipara 多产妇,拉丁词素 连合元音 希腊词素 希腊词素 fibr 十 o 十 chondr + itis 词根(纤维) 词根(软骨) 词尾(炎) fibrochondritis 纤维软骨炎,医学术语分类,从属关系：词根+词缀关系并列关系：词根+词根,从属关系：词根+词缀关系,gastr + o+ itis gestritis 胃炎规则一：后缀以元音开头，“o”省略leuk + o + cyt + o + penia词根(白) 词根(细胞) 词尾(减少）规则二：后缀以辅音开头，“o”不能省略 leukocytopenia 白细胞减少,并列关系：词根+词根规则：元音（o）不能省略,Gastr+ o+ enter+o+ic 胃肠的 并列关系 从属关系Hepat+o+cholangi+o+enter+o+ostomy 并列关系 并列关系 从属关系肝管小肠吻合,第二节 常用后缀,简单后缀复合后缀,简单后缀: -ia (2), condition -病，-症,复合后缀：-emia, -algia, -(o)rrhagia, -ectasia, -malacia,-odynia, -plegia, -uria,-penia,-penia deficiency , lack 不足，缺少,减少,Leucopenia 白细胞减少 Erythropenia 红细胞减少lymphopenia 淋巴细胞减少 Thrombopenia 血小板减少,单词重音在倒数第二音节的词尾,-escence(2) adolescence-escent(2) adolescent-ian (2) pediatrician元音+tion (2) accomodation-ious (2) infectious-ate (2) reticulate-ity (2) disability,-uria urine condition 尿（症）HEMATURIA (HEMAT/ URIA) 血尿,-plegia stroke, paralysis 中风，麻痹,THERMOPLEGIA (THERM/O/ PLEGIA) 热射病，中暑,-odynia pain 痛,CARDIODYNIA 心痛,-malacia softening 软化,OSTEOMALACIA (OSTE/O/ MALACIA) 骨软化,-ectasia or ectasis stretching, dilatation 扩张，膨胀,nephrectasia (nephr/ ectasia) 肾扩张,-ectasis扩张,angiectasis 血管扩张 bronchiectasis 支气管扩张,-algia pain 痛,arthralgia (atther/ algia) 关节痛neuralgia 神经痛 arthralgia 关节痛,-emia blood condition血病 ,血症,leukemia(leuk/emia) 白血病bacteremia 菌血症 septicemia 败血症hypercholesterolemia 高胆固醇血症,-orrhagia出血,gastrorrhagia (gastr/o/rrhagia) 胃出血,简单后缀-y : condition, act, process-术，-法，-症,复合后缀-metry, -otomy, -ectomy, -graphy, -iatry, -ology, -pexy, -plasty, -(o)rrhaphy, -stomy, -scopy,-megaly,-scopy (3) examination, process of examining visually 镜检查，视诊,laryngoscopy 喉镜检查 bronchoscopy 支气管镜检查gastroscopy 胃镜检查 colonoscopy 结肠镜检查cystoscopy 膀胱镜检查,-ostomy process of making an opening into or a connection between开口或吻合造口(术)或吻合(术),anastomosis 吻合术 colostomy 结肠造口术gastrostomy (gastr/ o/ stomy) 胃造口术anastomosis 也表示吻合,-(o)rrhaphy suturing, process of suturing缝合术,hermiorrhaphy (herni/ o/ rrhaphy) 疝缝术, 疝修补术,-rrhaphy缝合术,colporrhaphy 阴道缝合术herniorrhaphy 疝缝合术,-plasty(4) surgical reshaping or repair 成形术arthroplasty 关节成形术 urethroplasty 尿道成形术 osteoplasty(oste/o/plasty) 骨成形术,成形术,-pexy,a fixing or setting firmly in place by suturing 固定术hepatopexy(hepat/o/pexy) 肝固定手术,-ology (3)act or process of studying 学,pharmacology pharmac/ o/ logy),-logist (3)one who studies and treats 学者和治疗者,urologist (ur/ o/ logist) 泌尿专家,-iatry or iatrics healing 愈合,医.之术,odiatry 医足术,-graphy (3) process of recording 描记术 -graph (3) that which records描记器 -gram (3) the record itself 描记图,-ectomy excision, process of cutting out 切除(术),laryngectomy 喉切除术 thyroidectomy 甲状腺切除术mastectomy 乳房切除术 cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术appendectomy 阑尾切除术,-otomyincision, process of cutting into切开(术),laparotomy 剖腹术 tracheotomy 气管切开术cramiotomy 颅骨切开术,-metry measurement 测量,测定(术）,dynamometry 肌力测量法pelvimetry 骨盆测量法,-megaly large 大,atriomegaly 心房肥大ventriculomegaly 心室扩大 splenomegaly 脾大typhlomegaly 盲肠巨大,-e an instrument器械 或名词后缀,复合后缀： -scope, -tome , -cele, -cyte,-tome instrument for cutting 刀,ARTHROTOME (ARTHR/ O/ TOME) 关节刀,-cyte noun marker,referring to a cell细胞,leukocyte (leuk/ o/ cyte) 白细胞,-cele hernia, herniation 突出，疝，肿,thyrocele (thyr/ o/ cele) 甲状腺肿,-scope instrument for viewing 镜,laryngoscope 喉镜bronchoscope 支气管镜laparoscope 腹腔镜 ophthalmoscope 检眼镜,-itis (2) inflammation炎症 hepatitis (hepat/it is) 肝炎,-ist one who specializes in 的专家，学者,dermatologist (dermat/o/log/ist) 皮肤病专家,-or(er) refers to a doer, either a person or thing 工作者(人或工具),INCISOR (IN/ CIS/ OR) 切牙,-osis (2) a condition, usually abnormal or pathological异常或病理情况SCLEROSIS (SCLER/OSIS) 硬化症,-oma (2) swelling ,tumor肿胀，肿瘤,sarcoma (sar/oma) 肉瘤,-ism a condition, usually the result of a prior condition情况，前一情况的结果,embolism (em/bol/ism) 栓塞,-(i)um (2) refers to a part in relation to a whole, related to部分与整体关系，与有关,ericardium (peri/ cardi/um) 心包epigastrium (epi/gastr/ium) 上腹部,-ac 的,cardiac (cardi/ ac) 心脏的,-al 的,bronchial (bronch/ i/ al) 支气管的,-ar 的,tonsillar (tonsill/ ar) 扁桃体的,-ic (2) 的,hepatic (hepat/ic) 肝的,-eal 的,esophageal (esophag/ eal) 食道,-ary 的,ciliary (cili/ary) 睫状的,-ous 的含的分泌的,mucous (muc/ ous) 粘液的fibrous (fibr/ ous) 纤维性的sebaceous (seb/ace/ ous) 皮脂的,-oid (3) 类似，象,cystoid (cyst/ oid) 囊样的,-meter instrument for measuring测量用器具,thermoneter (therm/ o/ meter) 温度计,-meter (3) 计、表,spiromet 呼吸量计,肺量计 ophthalmometer 检眼计,-(o)rrhea (1) flow, discharge流出，分泌,diarrhea (dia/ rrhea) 腹泻,-lysis dissolution溶解 decomposition解体,hemolysis (hem/ o/ lysist) 溶血,-pathy disease, diseased condition病，病理情况,OPHTHALMOPATHY (OPHTHALM/ O/ PATHY) 眼病,-blast a cell that is undifferentiated, primitive, embryonic未分化的原始胚细胞,hemocytoblast (hem/o/cyt/o/blast) 成血细胞、原血细胞,-centesis surgical puncture to withdraw fluid外科穿刺吸液,amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺术,-centesis穿刺术,Paracentesis 穿刺术 Thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术 Amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺术 abdominocentesis 腹腔穿刺术,-clysis washing, introduction of fluid for the purpose of irrigation洗,bronchoclysis (bronch/ o/ clysis) 支气管灌洗(BRONCH/ O/ POSIS),-ptosis a falling, the dropping or sagging of an organ落下,nephroptosis (nephr/ o/ ptosis) 肾下垂,-ptysis咳、咯,hemoptysis 咯血 pyoptysis 咯脓,-(o)rrhexis rupture 破裂,hepatorrhexis(hepat/ o/ orhexis) 肝破裂,-sclerosis a hardening 硬化,arteriosclerosis(hepat/ o/ sclerosis) 动脉硬化,-stasis arresting, halting停止，制止,bacteriostasis(bacteri/ o/ stasis) 制菌作用,-stenosis a narrowing, a stricture变狭，狭窄,arteriostenosis(arteri/ o/ stenosis) 动脉狭窄,-gram图像,electrocardiogram 心电图 electroencephalogram 脑电图,-graph 描记器,Pneumograph 呼吸描记器,-emesis呕吐,Emetic 催吐的 Antiemetic 止吐的,50个常用词根,adenangiarteriarthrblepharbronchcardicelicephalcerebr,glandvesselarteryjointeyelidbronchusheartabdomen (abdominal cavity)headcerebrum, brain,50个常用词根,cheilcholangidermatencephalentererythresophaggastrhepathypn,lipbile ductskinbrainintestinesredesophagusstomachliversleep,50个常用词根,hysterlaparlaryngmammmeningmymyelmyelonnephrneur,uterusabdomenlarynxbreastmeningesmusclebone marrow; spinal cordbone marrowkidneynerve,50个常用词根,psychrachirhinsplenstomatthoractracheurethrutervesic,mindvertebra; spinal or vertebral columnnosespleenmouththorax (chest)tracheaurethrauterusbladder; sac,50个常用词根,ophthalmorchidosteotpancreatpharyngphrenpleurpneumonproct,eyetestis; testicleboneearpancreaspharynxmindpleuralung; airrectum,