第二讲形容词副词和比较等级.doc

第二讲形容词、副词和比较等级 思维导图.形容词和副词的基本用法1评注性状语有些副词，如fortunately，luckily，surprisingly，honestly，actually，personally等作评注性状语，往往修饰整个句子，它们常位于句首，且有逗号与后面的句子分开。2连接副词(1)表递进：besides，further，then，moreover，still等。(2)表结果：therefore，consequently，accordingly，thus等。(3)表转折：though，instead，otherwise，however，yet等。(4)表等同：similarly，equally等。(5)表对比：rather，oppositely等。(6)表概括：altogether，generally等。(7)表列举：first(ly)，second(ly)，finally等。(8)表同位：namely等。(9)表时间：meanwhile，sometimes，occasionally等。(10)表特指：mainly，mostly，particularly，especially等。(11)表让步：anyway，anyhow等。I dont like it; besides，its too expensive.我不喜欢它，而且它太贵了。Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun.Isnt it rather risky，though?在结冰的运动场地上玩耍听起来很有趣，然而，这难道不是太冒险吗？3易混淆的词beside 在旁边besides 此外，而且late 迟的，晚的later 多久以后latest 最近的，最新的ago 以前(以现在为起点)before 以前(以过去为起点)somewhere 某处everywhere 到处high 在高处；高highly 高度地；很；非常wide 充分地widely 广泛地；普遍地deep 深深地deeply 深刻地；深沉地free 免费地freely 自由地；畅通地close 接近；紧挨着closely 仔细地；紧密地 hard 努力地hardly 几乎不near 在附近nearly 几乎，差不多.比较级和最高级一、形容词与副词比较等级的构成形容词和副词的比较等级分为：原级、比较级和最高级。原级即形容词和副词的原形。比较级和最高级的词形变化分规则变化和不规则变化两种。1规则变化词形分类及变化构成原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般加er或esttalllongtallerlongertallestlongest以e结尾的，只加r或stnicefinenicerfinernicestfinest以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母再加er或estbighotfatbiggerhotterfatterbiggest hottestfattest以“辅音字母y”结尾的，先变y为i再加er或esthappyeasyhappiereasierhappiest easiest其他双音节词和多音节词在前面加more或mostdifficultbeautifulmoredifficultmorebeautifulmostdifficultmostbeautiful名师指津 表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。2不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad (badly)/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest二、形容词与副词比较等级的用法1平级比较(1)用as.as.，not.as/so.as引导Henry is a worker as good as Peter (is)亨利和彼得一样都是好工人。Henry does not have as/so many books as I have.亨利的书不如我的多。(2)as形容词as数量词数量词形容词The building is as tall as 100 meters.The building is 100 meters tall.这幢楼有100米高。2表示比较的特殊结构(1)表示一方程度随另一方程度平行变化时，用“the比较级，the比较级”，意为“越就越”。The busier he is，the happier he feels.他越忙就越感到高兴。(2)不与其他事物相比较，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级and比较级”结构，意为“越来越”。Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.我们学校变得越来越漂亮了。(3)表示“和一样不”时，用“no比较级than”结构。You are no taller than I.你和我一样矮。3比较级形式表示最高级意义的表达方式否定式谓语比较级：·比较级than any other单数名词·比较级than all the other复数名词·比较级than anyone/anything else·比较级than any of the other复数名词·比较级than the rest of复数名词或不可数名词I have never spent a more worrying day.这是我度过的最令人焦虑的一天。Every morning he arrives earlier than any other student in the class.Every morning he arrives earlier than all the other students in the class.Every morning he arrives earlier than anyone else in the class.Every morning he arrives earlier than any of the other students in the class.Every morning he arrives earlier than the rest of students in the class.每天早上他都是班里来得最早的学生。4最高级的句型(1)形容词最高级(名词)表示范围的状语She is the most active student in our class.她是我们班最活跃的学生。(2)one of形容词最高级名词复数Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.上海是我国最大的城市之一。(3)序数词形容词最高级名词Africa is the second largest continent in the world.非洲是世界上第二大洲。5比较级和最高级的修饰语(1)修饰比较级的常用词和短语有rather，much，still，even，a lot，a little，a great deal，(by) far，a bit等。The students study even harder than before.学生们比以前学习更努力了。(2)常用的最高级的修饰语有by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not really以及序数词等。Id like to buy the second most expensive camera.我想买便宜一点的照相机。名师指津 by far通常用来修饰最高级，但也可修饰比较级，修饰比较级时，一般放在比较级后面，若在前面，应在两者之间加the。The book is better by far than that one.这本书要比那本书好得多。He is by far the taller of the two brothers.他是两兄弟中较高的那一个。6倍数表达法·倍数as形容词/副词原级as·倍数形容词/副词的比较级than·倍数the名词of·倍数what从句Our classroom is three times as large as theirs.Our classroom is three times larger than theirs.Our classroom is three times the size of theirs.我们的教室是他们教室的三倍大。The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago.这条路的长度是三年前的四倍。看到四种情况，想到比较等级一、看到与than连用，要想到用比较级例1 Finally，that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is_(clean) than ever.(新课标全国卷)分析 cleaner根据后面的than可知此处要用比较级，因此要用cleaner。例2 After a few months，we all felt that we had been able to build much strong relationships with the family than we had before.分析 strongstronger根据句中的比较级标志词than可知，本句应用比较级，表示几个月后的情况与之前的情况进行比较，much用于修饰比较级。故将strong改为stronger。二、看到and，but，or等连词前或后用的比较等级形式，要想到用比较等级例3 They were also the best and worse years in my life.(2016·全国卷)分析 worseworst由并列连词and前面的“the best”可知，此处应用形容词的最高级形式。三、看到语境中暗含的比较含义，要想到用比较级(二者之间)或最高级(三者及以上)例4 After our plane landed，we went to the hotel.We had made our reservation six months _ (early)，but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.(广东高考)分析 earlier由had made可知该动作发生在到达旅馆之前，故应该是早在六个月之前我们就已经预订了，故用比较级earlier。四、看到下列固定搭配，要想到比较等级1the比较级.，the比较级.例5 The_(hard) you try to beat him，the more likely you will get hit.(辽宁高考)分析 harder分析句子结构可知此句为“the比较级.，the比较级.”句式，表示“越，就越”。故填harder。2the最高级标志性词语或从句例6 My mum makes the better biscuits in the world，so I decided to ask her for help.(陕西高考)分析 betterbest此处前面有the，后面有表示范围的“in the world”，所以应该用形容词的最高级。故better改为best。.单句语法填空1According to a review of evidence in a medical journal，runners live three years _ (long) than nonrunners.(2018·全国卷)答案longer根据空后的than和句意可知，此处应该使用比较级形式，故填longer。2Corn uses less water _ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.(2018·全国卷)答案than由句意和less可知，此处应该使用比较级结构，less是little的比较级，than引出比较对象。3He screams the _ (loud) of all.(2018·全国卷)答案loudest联系上文内容以及下文的of all可知此处应用最高级。4There could be an even _(high) cost on your health.(2018·浙江高考)答案higher根据even可判断，此处要用形容词的比较级，表示付出比钱更高的代价。5As a result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even_(bad)，the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.(2017·全国卷)答案worse根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用比较级形式，even worse表示“更糟糕的是”。6Sixteen years_(early)，Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.(2017·浙江高考)答案earlier固定表达sixteen years earlier表示“早在16年前”。此时的earlier相当于before，一般直接跟在时间名词的后面。7If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of_(great) and less importance.(2016·全国卷)答案greater根据后面的“and less”可知，此处也要用比较级形式。.单句改错1I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people.(2018·全国卷)答案largerlarge考查形容词。根据句意，作者害怕在一大群人面前讲话，这里没有比较的含义，故将 larger改为large。2They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.(2017·全国卷)答案earlierearlyget up early意为“早起”，句中没有比较的意思，故不用比较级。3A few minutes late，the instructor asked me to stop the car.(2017·全国卷)答案latelater“一段时间late”表示“迟到多长时间”；“一段时间later”表示“多长时间之后”。此处表示“几分钟后，教练让我把车停下来”。4Beside，they often get some useful information from the Internet.(2017·全国卷)答案BesideBesides句意：此外，他们还经常从网上获取一些有用的信息。beside“在旁边”，是介词；besides“此外”，是副词。5I enjoyed studying different kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the late music albums.(2017·全国卷)答案latelatest根据语境可知，“the latest music albums”表示“最新的音乐专辑”，故应用latest。6The dishes that I cooked were Moms favoritest.(2016·四川高考)答案favoritestfavoritefavorite没有比较级和最高级。.单句语法填空1Please dont misunderstand me.But dont you think we should take things a bit easier (easy)，darling？(2019·舒兰模拟)2The books survival offered the chance to learn more (much) about Chinese culture and music after 210 years of silence.(2019·洛阳模拟)3The more (much) we do for those in need，the happier well be.(2019·郑州一模)4Road safety has aroused wider (wide) attention of the public than before.(2019·长沙模拟)5Half an hour later，I managed to find the correct answer.(2019·昆明模拟)6Secondly，if you dont want to waste time，divide the group task among all group members to make the job easier (easy)(2019·南阳模拟)7English is widely(wide) used in governments，markets，service centers and other fields.(2019·银川模拟)8The other two had run away，but they followed the big man closely(close) and caught him.(2019·临夏模拟)9The Silk Road opened up in the Han Dynasty leading to the Middle and Western Asia and even_Rome.(2019·郑州模拟)10During the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century，Beijing Opera finally formed and became the biggest(big) of all operas in China.(2019·天一大联考).单句改错1First，its an activity concerned with all parts of my body，which is quite a good way for me to keep fit.Beside，its an activity I can enjoy whatever the weather is like except when it rains heavily.(2019·银川模拟)BesideBesides2Water is very important to us，without which there would be no life.Therefore，some people dont turn the tap off at once after using it.(2019·哈尔滨模拟)ThereforeHowever3I lived in my hometown ten years before.(2019·青岛模拟)beforeago 4Twenty minutes late，his mother turned up，and thanked us again and again.(2019·深圳模拟)latelater5To some extent，examination results are sometime unexpected by your study level.(2019·菏泽模拟)sometimesometimes6I had never seen a lake beautiful than this before.(2019·武威模拟)beautiful前加more7I even have a large vocabulary than before.(2019·太原模拟)largelarger8And if you decide to take Dr.Kleins advice，you can make yourself even happy by recommending the technique to others.(2019·衡水模拟)happyhappier9On that day，thousands of alumni returned back for the big occasion.(2019·化州模拟)去掉back10But I am determined to overcome all the difficulties and learn all subjects good.(2019·淄博模拟)goodwell .语法填空(2019·郑州模拟)Were surrounded by different colors.But you may not know color has a 1._ (big) impact on your life than you might realize.For example，the colors of your walls have a direct effect on your mood.Therefore，it should come as no surprise that major airlines keep this in mind as well.For notsofrequent fliers，2._ (fly) in the air may not be what they want.They may fear something bad would happen.They may suffer 3._ (anxious)According to Boeing，blue is universally regarded 4._ a peaceful colorand that may help remove your fears about flying.“The color of the sky，bright and sunny，5._ (help) lower heart rate，decrease blood pressure，and release dopamine in 6._brain，” says Kelley HopkinsAlvarez，a licensed professional counselor coach.A study 7._ (publish) in the Journal of Management Decision supports colors and psychology are 8._ (direct) linked.“Managers can use colors to increase or decrease appetite，improve mood and calm down customers，” note the study findings.But guess what? Using the color blue isnt the only sneaky way that is being tried 9._ (influence) your behavior by airlines.Theres a similar reason 10._ youll find carpeting at your airline gate，too.【语篇解读】飞机内部为什么要布置成蓝色的呢？原来是为了安抚乘客的情绪。1bigger考查形容词比较级。根据 than you might realize可知需填big的比较级形式。2flying考查非谓语动词。这里缺少主语，故填v.ing形式作句子的主语。3anxiety考查词性转换。根据suffer可知后面需填一个名词，故填anxious的名词形式。4as考查介词。regard.as意为“认为是”，后面可以接名词。5helps考查动词时态。句子的主语是The color of the sky，谓语需用三单形式，6the考查冠词。此处用the brain泛指我们的大脑。7published考查非谓语动词。a study是publish整个动作的承受者，故用过去分词作后置定语。8directly考查副词。此处用副词形式修饰linked。9to influence考查非谓语动词。这里是表目的，故需填带to的动词不定式。10why考查关系副词。根据a similar reason可知需填why引导定语从句。.短文改错There are not enough seats in our schools reading room.One morning just before our finally examination，I got there very early to occupying a seat.I put a book on one desk and then went to have breakfast.While I hurried back，I found someone was sitting on the seat which I had occupied in the advance.I run to him immediately and shouted at him，“Going away！Its my seat！”Everyone in the reading room raised their eyes and stared at me on an unfriendly way.I felt very shameful.So I rushed out of the reading room with my book.I will never forget those “eye”I learned a hard lesson that dayI should respect and polite to other people.答案There are not enough seats in our schools reading room.One morning just before our examination，I got there very early to a seat.I put a book on one desk and then went to have breakfast. I hurried back，I found someone was sitting on the seat which I had occupied in advance.I to him immediately and shouted at him，“ away！Its my seat！”Everyone in the reading room raised their eyes and stared at me an unfriendly way.I felt very .So I rushed out of the reading room with my book.I will never forget those “”I learned a hard lesson that dayI should respect and polite to other people.