语法英语词性分类及用法课件.ppt
词性的分类,词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分十个大类。,名词的概念,1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:apple 2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family (以上两类属于可数名词)3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air 4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概 念,如:work ,happiness,名词复数的规则变化,其它名词复数的规则变化,1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直 接加s变复数:如:two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:a. 加s,如: photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos; b. 加es,如:potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数; 去f, fe 加-ves,如:half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves;,名词复数的不规则变化,1)child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,flower,flowers,找规律,watch,es,factory-factories,leaf - leaves,box,es,NOUN.,找规律,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,NOUN.,不规则变化,child-children,woman-women,deer,sheep,man-men,goose-geese,NOUN.,根据所给单词的正确形式填空:1. Different people may have different _. (idea)2. I often go to work on . (foot)3. I know one of the . (boy)4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass)5. Please give them their . (photo)6. Are there any in the box? (watch)7. There are twelve in a year. (month)8. Would you like some ? (tomato)9. Look at those in the boats! (people)10. Look! The are singing. (woman)11. September 10th is Day. (teacher)12. Jim has some . (knife)13. How much are these ? (vegetable)14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (minute) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,vegetables,minutes,Lucys,NOUN.,代词,代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。,一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,通常,主格作主语,宾格作宾语通常,当单数的主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数的的主格作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Eg. He is my friend. Its me. They are from China. She lent me a book. I love it. Are you interested in them?,二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表,通常,形容词性物主代词相当形容词的用法,应该位于名词的前面;名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,之后不接名词。Eg. I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there.This is your picture. And that is mine.,三、 指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。,Eg. That is a good idea. I love those book in blue. These people are my friends.,四、自身代词,也称为反身代词表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词。,eg. I want something hot. Do you need some coffee? There is nothing good. All of you are students.,六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,every-,no-加上body,one,thing的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。,七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句),What are you?Who is his coat?Whose bag is this?Which do you prefer? The blue one or the white one?Could you tell me what is his name?Mother asked which one I wanted.,1._(我) am a worker. _(你) are a doctor. _(她) is a teacher.2.This is_ (他的 )shirt. 3. This is _(我的)pen. 4._(他们的) trousers are there. 5. I like this picture. Please give _(它) to_(我).6. People get _(他们的) money from_(我).7._(他们) are new students. _(他们的) names are Lucy and Lily.8. These are _(我们的) shoes. Can _(我们) wear _(它们).9Thank _ for _(你的) help. 10. _(他) loves _(她), and _(她) loves _(他),too.11. _(我) love _(你), and _(你) love _(我),too.,I,You,my,his,She,Their,their,me,it,They,Their,me,our,me,them,we,He,your,you,you,you,her,I,him,she,形容词,用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词。,注意:1.有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如: The old man is alone. 2. 形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。 Youd better tell us something interesting.,注意:,一. 以-ly结尾的形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.二. 用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 三. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school,副词,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、 介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词,一、副词的位置 在许多情况下,副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。 The girl dances very well. 2.有时也放在主语后面,谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。 He angrily closed the door. 3.句中的副词如碰上助动词,be动词,则通常放在助动词,be动词之后,实义动词之前 We have already read the book.,二.副词的分类,1、 时间和频度副词: now, then, often, always, usually, early, today, lately, next, last, already, generally, frequently, seldom, ever, never, yet, soon, too, immediately, hardly, finally, before, ago, sometimes, yesterday.,注意:1 副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 改错:(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much.注意: 2副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.,动词动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词。例如:run;work;sleep,等,动词的分类1 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词(实义动词)、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。如:,We have lunch at 12. I am hungry. She didnt know him. You can swim.,系动词系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词。有些不具词义;有些具有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。,1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,,2)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look3)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,助动词最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would,1) 助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用 2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,a. 表示时态,He has got married. b. 表示语态,He was sent to England. c. 构成疑问句,Do you like college life? d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,I dont like him. e. 加强语气,He did know that.,情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。,只做情态动词: must, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would)可做情态动词又可做实义动词: need, dare具有情态动词特征: have (had, has) to, used to,实义动词实义动词意思完全,能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词(及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词),Think, want, play, drive等,动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。,数词 (表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。),一、基数词 基数词写法和读法二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式: first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st,基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人;b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里; 如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。c. 表示几十岁;d. 表示年代,用 in +the +数词复数;e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.,数词的用法,1)表示倍数 once, twice, three times2)表示分数构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数: 1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.,介词分类,按结构英语介词可分为2类: 1简单介词(约有70个),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。 2短语介词,指多个单词构成的介词,如,in front of ,out of ,instead of ,far from ,apart from 等。,1.表示地点位置的介词 at ,in, on, to, above, over, below, under, in front of, in the front of, beside,behind 2.表示时间的介词in , on,at, after, from, since, 时间名词前介词用法口诀 年前周前要用in , 具体日子要用on , 遇到几号也用on ,上午下午得是in , 要说某日上下午 用on换in记清楚 , 午夜黄昏用at ,黎明用它也不错 ,at用在时分前 ,说“差”可要用上to ,说过要用past,表示运动方向的介词:across, through 4.表示“在之间”的介词:表示“在之间”的介词在英语中属于方位介词,如in front of ,behind ,on, in, near, under, up between, among,连词(是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。)连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。 1. 并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and) then等等。 2. 从属连词经常引导一个从句, 如: when ,where, because, if , as, 等,