消化系统常见肿瘤课件.ppt
Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,消化道肿瘤食管癌(carcinoma of esophagus) 胃癌(carcinoma of stomach)大肠癌(carcinoma of large intestine)原发性肝癌(primary carcinoma of liver),病理教研室版权所有,(一)食管癌(carcinoma of esophagus)概况:组织发生:食管黏膜上皮或腺体发病情况:较常见,全世界每年约有20万人死于此病,分布于中亚一带、非洲、法国北部、中南美。我国是高发区之一:太行山区、秦岭地区,特别是河南省林县、河北邯郸磁县,4064岁男性 。世界发病率为478.87/10万人。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病因:尚未完全明了有关因素:饮食因素饮酒 、吸烟及进食过快、过硬、过热亚硝胺:酸菜中含有较多的亚硝酸盐,可合成亚硝胺钼缺乏:它是硝酸盐还原酶的成分,缺钼使农作物的硝酸盐的含量增多维生素A、B2等缺乏感染:HPV,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,食管癌病理变化:临床上不易发现,食管镜检查易漏掉。普查时:食管镜、“食道拉网法”即带网气囊食管脱落细胞检查。发现率6%,五年生存率 90%。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,部位:多发生在食管三个生理狭窄处,中段 多见下段上段。早期食管癌:为原位癌,或仅累及黏膜层或黏膜下层,未侵犯肌层,无淋巴结转移。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,中晚期癌:有症状,梗噎感进行性吞咽困难。因为癌组织已在食管内浸润生长食管环行狭窄,或癌组织突入食管腔内。,大体分型髓质型蕈伞型溃疡型缩窄型,食管癌(髓质型),髓质型食管癌:累及食管全部或大部,管壁内浸润生长,切面较软,似脑髓组织。,食管癌(蕈伞型),蕈伞型食管癌:圆形或椭圆形,如蘑菇状向腔内突起.,溃疡型食管癌:食管粘膜面有溃疡型肿物,边缘不整隆起,底部深达肌层,凹凸不平。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,食管癌(溃疡型),食管癌(缩窄型),缩窄型食管癌:管壁内浸润生长,累及食管全周,伴纤维组织增生,形成环形狭窄。,组织学类型:鳞癌 约90%腺癌未分化癌,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,鳞癌,食管鳞癌(免疫组化染色),扩散:直接蔓延上段癌喉、气管、颈部软组织中段癌支气管食管支气管瘘胸导管、 奇静脉、肺门及肺组织主动脉食管主动脉瘘大出血死亡下段癌贲门、心包淋巴道 (常见) 上段癌颈和上纵隔淋巴结中段癌食管旁和肺门淋巴结下段癌贲门旁、食管旁、腹腔上部淋巴结血 道:晚期肝、肺;肾、骨、肾上腺。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病理与临床:早期无症状,部分患者有咽食时胸骨后不适、疼痛、烧灼感或吞咽时有异物感等,这些症状时隐时现。中晚期:进行性吞咽困难;食物反流,恶病质。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,(二)胃癌(carcinoma of stomach)概述:最常见的癌肿之一,占我国消化道恶性肿瘤的第一位,全身癌肿的第五位。4060岁多发,近年来有年轻化趋势。北方比南方多,沿海比内地多,日本多,美国低。男:女=3:1或2:1。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病因及发病机制:1.HP感染:2.饮食因素:高盐饮食、熏制食品及食物中的亚硝酸盐含量。3.癌基因c-myc、erbB-2的过度表达;抑癌基因p53、k-ras和APC的突变和缺失。4.某些癌前病变:如慢性萎缩性胃炎、胃息肉、慢性胃溃疡、恶性贫血、残胃等。5.遗传素质 :A 型血人发病率高,病理变化和类型:好发部位:胃窦部,尤其是小弯侧;其次为贲门部。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,This is the normal appearance of the stomach, which has been opened along the greater curvature. The esophagus is at the left. In the fundus can be seen the lesser curvature. Just beyond the antrum is the pylorus emptying into the first portion of duodenum is at the lower right.,根据胃癌浸润胃壁的深度分期黏膜层;黏膜下层;肌层;浆膜,The gastric fundal epithelium has long tubular glands that are lined by pink-staining parietal cells as well as mucus cells.,早期胃癌:无论范围大小及是否有局部淋巴结转移,癌组织浸润仅限于胃黏膜层及黏膜下层。其术后5年生存率 90% 。,隆起型,凹陷型,表浅凹陷型,表浅平坦型,表浅隆起型,表浅型,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,肉眼形态的早期分型:型( 隆起型):肿瘤如息肉状,从胃黏膜表面显著隆起,相当于粘膜厚度2倍以上。型 (表浅型):肿瘤呈扁平状,稍隆起于黏膜表面,其又分为3个亚型。型(凹陷型):癌组织较周围黏膜明显凹陷,但癌组织仅限于黏膜下层。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,表浅型的 3个亚型a表浅隆起型:高度小于粘膜厚度2倍b表浅平坦型:难发现,易漏掉c表浅凹陷型:伴糜烂,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,早期胃癌组织学分型管状腺癌:最多见乳头状腺癌:未分化型癌:少见,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,进展期胃癌:癌组织浸润到胃粘膜下层以下者。肉眼形态,息肉型,浸润型,蕈伞型,溃疡型,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,隆起型(息肉或蕈伞型),溃疡型,弥漫浸润型,进展期胃癌,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,隆起型胃癌:胃小弯近幽门侧见一半球型较大肿物凸向胃腔,灰白色,质地较硬,表面有溃疡。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,溃疡型胃癌:底部常浸润性生长,边缘隆起呈火山口状,底部凹凸不平,质脆,易出血。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,消化性胃溃疡病,溃疡型胃癌,胃良、恶性溃疡的区别,胃良、恶性溃疡的大体形态区别,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,弥漫浸润型胃癌:胃壁增厚,变硬,胃腔缩小,皱襞大部消失。切面见灰白色的癌组织从粘膜层向下浸润生长,穿透了肌层。,革囊胃,革囊胃: 癌组织在胃壁内局部弥漫性浸润生长,与周围组织无明显界限,胃壁增厚、变硬,皱襞大多消失、弹性减退,胃腔缩小,形状同皮革制成的囊袋,称为革囊胃。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,胃癌的组织发生: 胃癌的细胞来源:主要是胃腺颈部的干细胞,胃上皮,肠上皮,肠上皮化生与癌变:肠上皮化生(大肠型)肠型 胃癌不典型增生与癌变:重度不典型增生多出现在癌旁,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,组织学分型,腺癌(adenocacinoma):最多见,分化较高,恶性度较低,转移较晚。癌细胞多呈柱状,分为腺管状腺癌(glandular form)、乳头状腺癌(papillary form)、腺泡状腺癌(acinar form)。,胃高分化管状腺癌:有明显的腺管形成,先前大小不等,形状不规则。癌细胞核大小不等,一行型明显,排列紊乱。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,胃低分化腺癌:几乎无腺腔形成,癌细胞呈索状或小胞巢状排列,有重度的异型性。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,髓样癌(medullary carcinoma):低分化腺癌。异型性显著,恶性度较高,较早向深层浸润。癌细胞无腺样排列,呈实体巢状或条索状。细胞大而多形。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,粘液癌(mucoid carcinoma):恶性度高,癌细胞胞浆内出现大量粘液,将胞核挤于胞浆一侧,形似印戒,称为印戒细胞癌(signet-ring cell carcinoma)。 癌细胞产生粘液,分泌到细胞外,形成大片粘液蓄积,称为粘液湖,癌细胞呈团块状漂于湖中,肉眼呈胶冻状,又称胶样癌(colloid carcinoma)。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,印戒细胞癌:无腺腔形成,癌细胞之间缺乏结合,散在于间直结缔组织内。癌细胞浆透明,含有丰富的粘液。核小,多片在胞体一侧。,扩散途径:直接蔓延淋巴道转移: 癌组织幽门下及胃小弯的胃冠状静脉旁淋巴结腹主动脉旁淋巴结、肝门或肠系膜根部淋巴结血道转移:晚期,门静脉肝、肺、脑、骨。种植性转移:腹腔、卵巢(转移性黏液瘤 Krukenberg瘤)等。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病理与临床联系,早期无症状上腹饱胀、疼痛、食减、消瘦、贫血、幽门梗阻或吞咽困难、呕血、黑便(OB+)。,(三)大肠癌(carcinoma of large intestine)概况:欧美国家多见,占美国死亡率第二位。为消化道肿瘤的第三位。近年来发病率逐年增加,年龄趋向年轻化,男性稍多于女性。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病因(pathogeny):1、饮食因素:高脂肪、高蛋白和低纤维饮食与大肠癌的发生有关。2、遗传因素:有家族性高发现象。家族性腺瘤性息肉是常染色体显性遗传病,约占大肠癌发病率的1%。3、癌基因突变或过度表达;抑癌基因缺失或突变。4、结肠息肉癌变。5、慢性溃疡性结肠炎与大肠癌发病有关。6、肠血吸虫病。,病理变化:部位:直肠(50%)乙状结肠(25%)盲肠(10%)升结肠降结肠横结肠。 (一)早期结肠癌 癌组织仅局限于粘膜内或粘膜下层而无淋巴结转移者。(二)进展期结肠癌,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,进展期结肠癌大体分型隆起性:结节状、息肉状、菜花状,常有继发感染、出血、坏死和溃疡;右侧多见。溃疡型:左侧,乙状结肠;浸润型:环状狭窄纤维组织增生(左侧多);胶样型:肿瘤表面、切面半透明、胶冻状。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,隆起型大肠癌,外生性生长,有蒂或无蒂。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,溃疡型大肠癌,外形如火山口状,伴坏死。,浸润型大肠癌:直肠见一环状肿物,肠壁显著增厚,质地较硬,穿透肌层,浸润至外膜层。管腔狭窄,其上肠管扩张。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,组织学类型:其中腺癌最多见乳头状腺癌管状腺癌黏液腺癌印戒细胞癌未分化癌腺鳞癌:腺癌+鳞癌鳞癌,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,大肠腺癌,正常大肠粘膜,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,结 肠 腺 癌,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,结 肠 腺 癌,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,扩散和转移:局部扩散:浸润浆膜后,可直接蔓延到邻近器官(前列腺、膀胱、腹膜及后腹壁)淋巴道转移:先转移至肠旁淋巴结,再至肠系膜根部,晚期可转移到腹股沟、直肠前凹及左锁骨上淋巴结。血道转移:晚期可经血行转移到肝、肺、骨等处。右半结肠转移至肝右叶,左半结肠转移至肝左叶、肝右叶。 种植性转移:常见于膀胱直肠陷凹和子宫直肠陷凹。,大肠癌分期及预后(Dukes改良分期),临床病理联系: 早期多无明显症状,随病变发展可有贫血、消瘦、大便习惯改变及大便形状改变、粘液血便、腹部包块及肠梗阻症状等。发生在左侧和右侧明显不同:左侧:浸润型多、腔细、早期梗阻、粪便成型;右侧:隆起性多、肿块、腔宽、梗阻晚、粪便稀。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,CEA(癌胚抗原)广泛存在于内胚叶起源的消化系统癌中,正常胚胎的消化管组织中,正常人血清中微量存在。测定CEA有助于观察患者癌肿的消长。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,(四)原发性肝癌(primary carcinoma of liver)概念:是肝细胞或肝内胆管上皮细胞发生的恶性肿瘤。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,概述:全球内以东南亚和非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南为高发区,每年约25万人死于肝癌。我国每年约11万人死于肝癌,沿海高于内地,东南东北高于西南西北。中年多见,男性多于女性。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病因:未明影响因素病毒性肝炎: esp.HBV肝硬变:坏死后肝硬化多见霉菌及其毒素:黄曲霉毒素亚硝胺类化合物:二乙基亚硝胺实验性肝Ca寄生虫感染:中华支睾吸虫寄生在肝内胆管分支肝细胞不典型增生结构不良性肝细胞,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,病理变化:肉眼形态早期肝癌(小肝癌):指单个癌结节最大直径3或两个癌结节合计最大直径3的,常无临床症状,而血清AFP阳性的原发性肝癌。 形态特点:多呈球形或分叶状,边界清楚,灰白色质软,切面均匀一致,无出血及坏死。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,晚期肝癌:肝脏体积明显增大,重量显著增加(常达20003000g以上)。大体分型:巨块型、结节型和弥漫型三种。组织学分型:肝细胞癌、胆管细胞癌和混合细胞型肝癌。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,巨块型肝癌:巨大肿块,有坏死出血,周围环绕卫星癌结节,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,结节型肝癌:多个散在大小不等的肝癌结节,弥漫型肝癌:癌结节弥漫分布,大小不等,见坏死出血,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,肝细胞癌:癌细胞呈小梁状或条索状排列,被覆一层内皮细胞,或在癌细胞条索间形成血窦。,扩散:肝内蔓延、转移:门静脉分支肝内转移肝外转移淋巴道肝门淋巴结、上腹部和腹膜后淋巴结血道肝静脉肺、肾上腺、脑、骨种植腹膜、卵巢等,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,临床表现:肝区疼痛肝增大黄疸腹水进行性消瘦,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,腹水原因:肝V分支被癌结节压迫门V主干受压或被癌栓、血栓阻塞腹膜广泛转移患者合并肝硬变黄疸原因:肿瘤压迫肝内、肝外胆管肝组织广泛破坏出血原因:肝表面癌结节自发破裂或大血管被侵蚀。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,甲胎蛋白( -fetoprotein, -FP)肝癌辅助诊断为 -球蛋白的一部分,性质与清蛋白近似,为胎儿的主要血浆蛋白,出生后则逐渐减少,为清蛋白代替。有80%以上肝癌患者 -FP阳性。,Pathology Department of Hebei Medical University,