大学英语六级写作辅导课件.ppt

大学英语六级,写作辅导,六级写作题型特点,一、对比观点选择题: 1、大多为三点提纲：有一些人；还有人； 我的看法或观点； 2、少数时候也会出现两点提纲的情况，此时可以补 充成三点提纲来写作。 3、历年真题：2000.6； 1999.6； 1998.6； 1997.6；1996.1；1995.6；1993.6； 1993.1,六级写作题型特点,二、 社会热点话题: 1、三点提纲，但常以两点提纲出现； 2、如果是两点提纲，则补充成三点提纲写作。 3、常用模式为：现象概述-细节（原因、危害、 方式等）-自我评论 4、历年真题：2002.12； 2000.12； 2000.1； 1999.1； 1997.12； 1995.1；,三、图标题；Report: 1、以图表作为信息来源的写作模式 2、通常模式为：描述图表-解释原因-自我评论 3、历年真题：2003.6/ 2000.6/ 1996.6/ 1992.1/ 1991.6 四、书信题: 1、写书信 2、历年真题：2001.6； 2002.1； 五、谚语格言题: 1、文章题目为一句格言或谚语 2、通常模式为：解释谚语-举例论证-画龙点睛 3、历年真题：1997.1；,评分标准,本题满分15分阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分14分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。11分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。8分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。2分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。,考生写作主要障碍,审题匆忙，偏离主题思路狭窄，内容贫乏或思想过宽，文章松散句子结构错误，逻辑混乱母语痕迹明显用词搭配不当语言形式单一化语篇不连贯，缺乏逻辑性语法错误,五步写作流程,一审：审题（确定文章体裁、主题句、关键信息和时间字数的限制）2-3分钟二想：想素材（发散思维，想出与文章主题有关的素材及常用词汇）3-4分钟三列：列提纲（确定写作基点，将想到的素材组织成段，列出每段提纲）3-4分钟四写：写作（根据提纲和积累词汇，进行正文写作）15-20分钟五改：检查修改（检查标点、拼写和语法等错误，注意字数是否达到要求）1-2分钟,真题分析：1.现象解释型,提纲：第一段 描述现象；第二段 分析产生这种现象的原因以及可能会 带来的影响；第三段 针对现象作出评论，表明自己的态度、 观点或做法以及如何在日常行为中有 效地消除这种现象或其不利方面。,典型真题1,Reduce Waste on Campus有些大学校园浪费现象严重浪费的危害杜绝浪费，从我做起,Brainstorm 1,一审：题型属于提纲式作文；体裁属于议论文；三段式结构已给出主要论点；论述重点为浪费现象的危害和如何杜绝浪费,二想,Reduce Waste on Campus,Sustainabledevelopment,个人健康成长,资源短缺,Nonrenewableresources,剩菜剩饭,浪费水长明灯,浪费钱在衣服和网络上,extravagance,三列,Reduce WasteOn Campus,1.有些大学校园浪费现象严重,2.浪费的危害,3.杜绝浪费，从我做起,食堂：dump down food宿舍：浪费水、长明灯浪费钱在衣服和网络上,不利于社会可持续发展不利于个人健康成长,Change a little bit every dayBe bound to be eliminated,四写,Reduce Waste on Campus Nowadays waste has become a very seriousproblem in many colleges. In canteen, dumpingdown a large amount of food becomes acommon phenomenon; in dormitories, leavinglights or taps on for a whole day is not unusual;spending money in buying useless fancyclothes or surfing on the Internet day and nightbecome common practices.,As a matter of fact, we, as college students, shouldnt be ignorant of the harms waste brings to both the sustainable development of our society and our individual growth. In the first place, our country is still suffering from a shortage of natural resources. If we keep wasting these nonrenewable resources, we will get nothing left for our offspring. In the second place, waste is a breeding ground for extravagance, which is condemned strongly by us Chinese people either in history or in modern society.,Therefore, we must shoulder the responsibility of reducing waste. We can just start reducing waste from the little things under our noses. As long as we try to change a little bit everyday, waste is bound to be eliminated on campus.,五改,通览全文，注意拼写（尤其是大小写）及时态、语态、一致关系、词性、搭配和标点等语法错误。,真题分析：2.问题解决型,提纲：第一段 直接列举问题或中心第二段 分析问题产生的原因或解决的方法第三段 不详细阐述，简单总结即可,典型真题2,How to Improve Students Mental Health大学生的心理健康十分重要为此，学校可以我们自己应当,Brainstorm 2,一审：题型属于提纲式作文；体裁属于说明文；三段式结构已给出主要论点：第一段阐述心理健康的重要性；第二段写学校在保障大学生心理健康方面可以采取的措施；第三段写学生自身如何避免或应对心理问题；论述重点为mental health。,二想,Students Mental Health,听音乐、做运动自我调节,Pressure, Negative feeling,学生及时寻求帮助,抑郁症、大学生自杀事件,Psychologicalcounseling,More communication,三列,How to ImproveStudents MentalHealth,1.心理健康的重要性,2. 学校采取的措施,3.学生如何避免或应对心理不健康问题,保证工作学习正常进行,提供psychological counseling老师多关注学生，多一些交流和帮助,Listen to music and do sports如有问题：ask for help in time,四写,How to Improve Students Mental Health With heavier workload and increased responsibilities, many students suffer depression or other mental illnesses. Mental health problems can result in social isolation, poor health and even suicide attempt. Without sound mental health, their life may be disrupted and even totally destroyed.,Feasible measures must be taken by school authorities to help university students maintain and improve their mental health. First, counseling centers should be established so that students can have access to regular professional psychological counseling. Second, teachers are advised to communicate with students frequently about their life and study to locate problems timely and offer immediate help to those who have psychological problems.,As university students, we should also have our own ways to relieve pressure and discard negative feelings. Listening to music, taking a brisk walk, doing yoga or having a conversation with a positive friend can all help us maintain sound mental health. Whats more, when we are aware of the problems, we should ask for help in time.,五改,通览全文，注意拼写（尤其是大小写）及时态、语态、一致关系、词性、搭配和标点等语法错误。,真题分析：3.对比选择型,提纲：第一段 针对主题阐述一种观点；第二段 阐述另一种观点；第三段 阐明自己的立场。或第一段 引出比较的对象；第二、三段 对事物的优缺点，或对不同的 观点进行分析比较；第四段 表明自己的看法（可参见六级后续课教材p.10-12）,典型真题3,Reading Selectively or Extensively有人认为读书要有选择有人认为应当博览群书我的看法,Brainstorm 3,一审：题型属于提纲式作文；体裁属于比较型议论文；全文为三段式结构，题目已给出主要论点。建议加一个引言段；关键信息是对比阅读的两种方式selectively和extensively。要分段阐述这两种不同观点，并说明理由。,二想,Reading SelectivelyOr Extensively,学科知识相互交叉,开阔视野,Keep up with the changes around us,全面发展,Personal tasteand needs,时间精力有限,深入研究专业领域,Not every bookIs useful,三列,Reading SelectivelyOr Extensively,1.总述，点明话题,2. 读书要有选择,3.应当博览群书,引出该有选择性读书还是该广泛阅读,Time and energy is limited,Not every book is useful to us,Keep up with the changes around us,各学科知识交叉渗透，而非独立,根据个人爱好和需要进行选择,4. 我的看法,Broaden our horizons & develop all-round abilities,各有利弊，相互结合,四写,Reading Selectively or Extensively Books are the stepping stones to human progress. Like talking with knowledgeable persons, reading books can build our minds. However, should we read selectively or extensively? Views vary from person to person.Quite a few people hold that books should be read selectively since our time and energy are limited. Besides, not every book is of benefit to us. We must pick the suitable ones to achieve high efficiency and gain more specialized knowledge in our major field. What to choose lies in our own personal tastes and needs.,Other people insist on reading extensively. They claim that we will be able to keep up with the changes around us if we do read extensively. Now branches of knowledge overlap rather than stay separated from each other. Reading extensively can broaden our horizons, develop all-round abilities, and make us grasp the general knowledge in different fields.As far as Im concerned, both the two reading ways have their pros and cons during our reading process, so why not combine them together?,五改,通览全文，注意拼写（尤其是大小写）及时态、语态、一致关系、词性、搭配和标点等语法错误。,真题分析：4.图表作文型,提纲：第一段 描述图表，指出图表显示的问题 或现象；第二段 对该现象进行解释和分析；第三段 总结。 注意!图表作文一定不要大量地罗列数据，而要指出 出上升或下降的态势。,典型真题4,Travelling Abroad近十年来某城市越来越多的人选择出境旅游出现这种现象的原因这种现象可能产生的影响,Brainstorm 4,一审：题型属于提纲式作文；体裁属于图表型议论文；全文为三段式结构，题目已给出各段主要论点；关键信息是traveling abroad，重点在于分析境外游越来越热的原因和可能产生的影响。,二想,Traveling Abroad,better transportation,改革开放政策和全球化发展,broaden horizons,习俗差异造成误解,破坏环境,cultural exchange,促进当地经济发展,生活水平提高,三列,Traveling Abroad,1.描述图表,2. 出现这种现象的原因,出境旅游人数逐年上升1995年：10 0002000年：40 0002005年：120 000,Promote cultural exchange, broaden peoples mind种族歧视和习俗差异导致误解Cause damage to local environment,人们生活水平提高globalization & the reform and opening-up policybetter transportation system,3.可能产生的影响,四写,Traveling AbroadThe bar chart shows the changes in the number of people traveling abroad from 1995 to 2005. It can be clearly seen in the graph that there were only 10 thousand people traveling overseas in 1995. In 2000, the figure rose to approximately 40 thousand, after which it increased considerably to 120 thousand in 2005.,Several factors contribute to this phenomenon. First, the rapid economic growth in China has led to a tremendous improvement in peoples living standard, so increasing numbers of people can afford the overseas travel. Second, the globalization and the reform and opening-up policy in our country have also made it possible for people to gain insights into the outside world, and therefore they have the desire to go out. Third, the technological advances have guaranteed us a better transportation system, which makes overseas travel more convenient faster and much cheaper.,The outbound tourism has both positive and negative impacts. On the one hand, it promotes cultural exchange between countries and broadens peoples horizons. On the other hand, it boosts the tourism industry and therefore benefits the local economy. However, the existence of racial discrimination and different customs may also cause misunderstandings between people from different cultures. Moreover, the booming tourism industry will also cause damage to local environment.,五改,通览全文，注意拼写（尤其是大小写）及时态、语态、一致关系、词性、搭配和标点等语法错误。,图表型作文解析,此类作文要求从提示性文字或图表、图画入手，解释提示性文字、图表、图画反映出的问题，提出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性；然后对问题展开分析，提出解决问题的方案或应对措施；最后一段要求考生表明自己的态度、做法等,图表开头写法,A. 本_图表明了 在某个时间段（比如某年到某年之间） 某个研究对象 （如何变化）的情况/数字/百分比。.具体挑出最高值，最低值，增长变化的趋势就可以了,模仿练习,1996年的真题It can be seen from the graph that the developing countries have made remarkable/considerable progress in peoples health. From 1960 to 1990 life expectancy increased by 50%. At the same time/meanwhile, there was a dramatic decline in infant mortality(字数嫌少加上下面的话from 200 deaths per 100 birth in 1960 to 100 in 1990),B 版本,As is seen from the table / graph / chart, _ （图表所描述的事物A） ascend significantly from _ （数字1） in _ （年份1） to _ （数字2） in _ （年份2） while over the same period, _ （图表所描述的事物B） shrank slightly from _ （数字3） to _ （数字4）. It can be observed easily that _ （分析图表所反映的问题）.,如曲线图所示，从1980年到1982年，拥有个人电脑的美国家庭的百分比，从大约0.2%缓慢上升到正好5%。然后这一百分比又急剧上升，达到1983年的大约10%。此后，该百分比持续上升，直到达到了1988年的最高值21.0%。,As the curve indicates, the percentage of American families who owned personal computers increased gradually from approximately 0.2% in 1980 to exactly 5% in 1982. Then, there was a substantial increase in this proportion, reaching some 10% in 1983. Finally, the period between 1983 to 1988 witnessed a steady growth, to the peak of 21.0% in the latter year. It can be observed easily that computer has become an indispensable part for American society.,第二段： 给出原因第三段：解决方案， 或趋势预测和现象型没有任何区别,Car accidents declining in Walton City 1991.6-练习,Car Accidents Declining in Walton City.-图表作文一定不要大量地罗列数据，而要指出出上升或下降的态势。在这个图表中，总的趋势在下降，但是在过程中有的在下降有的在上升。,2. possible reasons,法规更健全和严格 行人和司机更遵守交通规则路况更好了车的质量更好了,From January to March last year it increased by 45%.（或写成increase from 22% to 32%） From March to June it dropped by about half the previous rate. From January to March last year it increased by 45%. From March to June it dropped by about half the previous rate. From June to August there was a steep rise of 50%. After that, however, there was a steady decrease.,描述图表！,升Increasego upGrowRiseAscend ClimbJump跃升Skyrocketshoot up soar,降,Decrease go down decline fall descend drop dive plummet precipitate,幅度大、剧烈的词,Sharply/dramatically/abruptly/steeply/significantly/substantially/noticeably/remarkably/greatly/quickly/unexpectedly,幅度小、缓慢的词,Stably/steadily/marginallyslowly/gradually/slightly保持不变的词 Keep, remain, stay ,stabilize, level off波动的词：fluctuate,Sentence Patterns to describe a graph,A. There be句型： “There is “变化名词”+in the number of +被描述对象在1975-2005这30年的时间里，骑自行车的人的数量缓慢下降了。During the 3 decades from 1975 to 2005, there was a gradual decline in the number of bicyclists.,真题分析：5.应用书信型,提纲：第一段 根据题目规定的特定场景描述 事实；第二段 明确阐述自己写信的原因、动 机和目的；第三段 表明愿望或提出建议。,应用文写作（书信）,公务书信求职类. 投诉类. 邀请类感谢类 私人信件：2001年六月,典型真题5 2005.12,Write a letter to a company declining a job offer对公司提供职位表示感谢解释为何不能接受所提供的职位希望予以谅解，并表达对公司的良好祝愿,二想,Declining a Job Offer,职业规划,工作地点,工资水平,已经接受其他职位,Extend appreciation,祝愿：success/bright future,Educational background学历、专业知识,提供的职位：telemarketer,三列,Declining aJob Offer,1.对公司提供职位表示感谢,2. 解释不能接受职位的原因,3.希望予以谅解，表达对公司的良好祝愿,点明提供的职位,表示谢意：Their efforts & time,已接受其他职位,The best continued success in the future,理由设计因素：Educational background, skills, career aspiration,四写,A Letter Declining a Job OfferDec. 24th, 2005Dear Manager,I am very grateful for the time and effort you spent considering me for the position as a telemarketer in the world-renowned Siemens Company. You have been most kind and gracious throughout the interview process, and I only wish that circumstances allowed me to accept your offer.,However, I must decline your invitation since I have just accepted an offer from another company after considerable thought. I believe firmly in the mission of your organization and value the opportunity you offer, while the position I have accepted is more in line with my educational background, skills and career aspirations despite its farther working place. That is a quite hard decision for me. I hope you can understand it.,I do appreciate all the courtesy and hospitality extended to me by your office, and I wish you and your colleagues the best continued success in the future. Thanks again for your consideration.Respectfully,Wang Ping,五改,通览全文，注意拼写（尤其是大小写）及时态、语态、一致关系、词性、搭配和标点等语法错误，尤其要注意检查书信的格式是否正确。,书信写作步骤总结,简要说明事由（略微寒暄，点出主题）说明具体理由再次申明目的,j1称呼一般是Dear XXX, 的形式开头。如果知道对方的名字或者职务，可以直接写上。如果题目中没有给出任何信息（一般不常见）可以说Dear Sir/Madam, 或者To who it may concern, 。,书信写作步骤总结,简要说明事由（略微寒暄，点出主题）说明具体理由再次申明目的,在第二段中你可以直接说我不能接受你所提供的工作了，原因是：一、二、三*在投诉类，拒绝类的文章中第二段可以采取一个方法“先抑后扬”,j1开头的寒暄句根据书信的内容会有不同，但结尾的寒暄句基本都是一样的，一般都喜欢写Best wishes to you and your family. 。落款也是固定的Sincerely yours, 和名字。至于写谁的名字，如果题目中给出写信人的具体名字，就署名一下好了。如果没给，也不要用自己的名字，随便编一个就好,