大学高级英语写作课件.ppt

大学高级英语写作,考核分两部分：形成性考核和课程终结考核。课程总成绩采用百分制，形成性考核占20%，课程终结考核占80%。 形成性考核：满分100分，占课程总成绩的20%。形成性考核是对学生学习过程和阶段性学习效果的综合评价，包括学生参与各项教学活动和自主学习活动的情况以及阶段性的学习进展情况。 课程终结考核：形式为闭卷，笔答。满分为100分，由中央电大统一命题，在同一时间全国统考。考试时间为90分钟。 Reading and Summary (35 points) Writing a letter (25 points) Writing (40 points),考试说明,命题依据 本课程终结性考试的命题依据是中央广播电视大学本科开放教育英语专业教学计划、课程教学大纲以及“高级英语自学系列教程”中的高级英语写作教材。评价目标 本课程终结性考试重点测试学生用书面英语进行跟学习与工作有关的交际活动的能力，包括写信件、写总结、描述所见所闻、陈述和辩护自己的观点、写报告等，同时也考察与此相关的阅读能力。命题原则 根据教材所涵盖的有关话题及练习的写作目标进行命题，涉及教材的内容不少于50%。,命题说明,试题结构,Unit One,Rlecting on Your Writing,By the end of this unit, you should be able to:make clear your purpose for writing in English;display an awareness of different types of written texts;recognise the features of a well-written text;assess your own writing performance;Set goals and methods of practice.,Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.Practice make perfect.,What s your feelings about writing (in English and Chinese)?,Positive view Negative view,What s the purpose of writing?,What s the types of writing ?,note message diary memo letter story notice poem play essay report fax advertisement instruction newspaper article postcard invitation examination answer etc.,大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流,可以互相讨论下，但要小声点,Prewriting stage Step 1 Generate ideas Step 2 Sort out the ideas (group ideas) Step 3 Work out the outlineWriting stage (first draft) Step 1 Write opening sentences and thesis statement. Step 2 Develop the topic sentences and support it with specific evidences. Step 3 Write concluding sentences.Rewriting stage (a checklist) unity support organization language,Stages in the writing process,Four ways of generating ideas Clustering Making a list Questioning Free writing,Diagram of an essay Title of the essayIntroduction Opening remarks to catch readers interest Thesis statement topic sentence 1 (supporting point 1) Body topic sentence 2 (supporting point 2) topic sentence 3 (supporting point 3)Conclusion Summary (optional); General closing remarks,Unity,Is my paper unified?a. Do I have a thesis that is clearly stated or implied in the introductory paragraph?b. Do all my supporting paragraphs support and back up my thesis?,support,Is my paper supported?a. Are there three separated supporting points for the thesis?b. Do I have spedific evidence for each of the three supporting points?c. Is there plenty of specific evidence for each point?,Is my paper organized?a. Do I have an interesting introduction, a solid conclusions, and an accurate title?b. Do I have a clear method of organizing my paper?c. Do I use transitions and other connecting words?,a. Do I use specific words?b. Do I vary my sentences?c. Do I use words effectively by avoiding slang, clichs, and wordliness?,organization,Language,Layout like spacing, indention, handwriting or typeface should comply with conversions.Language, a well-written text includes spelling accurately, getting the grammar right, having a range of vocabulary, punctuating meaningfully, and using a range of sentence structures.Content, ideas should be developed and organised clearly and convincingly, and ideas and information in sentences should be linked in a coherent fashion.,Features of well-written English text,1. If you advance a single point and stick to that point.,Unity,2.If you support the pointwith specific evidence.,3.If you organize and connectspecific evidence.,4.If you write clear, error-freesentence.,Four bases,Support,Coherence,Good language,Features of good writing,Four steps,Correspondence,Unit Two,At the end of this unit, you should be able to: write letters in appropriate formatsidentify the different features of formal and informal letterswrite letters in the appropriate stylefollow the formalities used in addressing English envelopeswrite a letter of applicationwrite your own curriculum vitae,Functions and Objectives,Kinds of Correspondence,Formal letters: business-like letters.Informal letters: personal letters,Whats correspondence?Correspondence is a formal word for the letters you receive.,The difference between Chinese letter and English letter,Format of a Chinese letterFormat of an English letter,同学, 你好! 很长没有你的消息, 最近可好? 祝健康快乐! 小燕子 2008,3,30,TVU Shanwei Guangdong RP China 30/3/2008Dear Mary, I was very sorry to tell you that I go to your party this Weekend, for I have to attend a Meeting With love, Priscilla,salutation,Return address,dateline,Components of a letter,Body Complimentary closeSignaturePrinted name of senderReference line,Return addressDatelineInside addressSalutation,Format of a formal letter,return address,dateline,inside address,Salutation,body,Complimentary close,Signature,Printed name of sender,Format Organization Language Tone,Organization of formal letter:a writer-responsible pattern,I am writing for information about visa applications.I have booked a flight to Los Angeles via Singapore with Northwest Airlines.I am looking forward to your reply.,State your purpose directly,Discuss subject in details,State your expectation,Use the following structures to state you purpose,I am writing about a suitcase lost at your airport.I am writing to apply for teaching position advertised In Beijing Youth Newspaper.I am writing because I was told that we would have a welcome party tomorrow,Language use in formal letter writing,Giving precise information e.g. a week V.S. for some timeUsing formal words e.g. inform V.S. tellUsing effective words e.g. via V.S. stop aton my way,Tone in formal letter writing,Make requests in a polite waye.g. I wonder if you could send me a U.K. visa application form?Would it be possible to cancel the ticket and arrange a refund?Show you gratitude.I should be most grateful if you would send me a timetable.I would appreciate it if you could send me details of the course.,Dear Mr. Smith, I would like to be considered as a candidate for the manager position advertised in the South Morning Post I am currently finishing my degree in Businessmanagement I have taken every required course and have a solid background in the marketing, accounting courses. Ill plan to give you a call to see whether I Can come in for interview at you convenience.,State the position wanted and the source,Briefly highlight your qualifications for the job,State your willing-ness to go to next level in the process,Practical letter writing: Application Letter,Personal informationEducation ExperienceSpecial interestsPublicationOther informationReferences,Practical letter writing: Curriculum Vitae (CV),Name; sex; date of birth; marital status; nationality; mailing address; telephone,List the awards and prizes one has received.,邮编 邮票 收信人地址 收信人姓名 发信人地址和姓名,stamp senders name senders address recipients name recipients address,Printed MatterPhotos EnclosedPlease Do Not BendPar AvionPlease ForwardMr. Anthony McArthur c/o Ms. Melanie Klein,Addressing an Envelope,Unit Three,Getting Ideas Sorted Out,By the end of this unit, you should be able to:analyse the structure of a paragraphproduce coherent paragraphsclearly distinguish main ideas from subsidiary pointswrite topic sentencestake notes from reading materialstake notes for lecturesWrite summaries for various purposes,Themes and Functions,Coherence in a Paragraph,Coherence is one of the most important organizational principles.It requires that each sentence in a paragraph leads naturally and logically to the next in explaining the central ideathe topic sentence.,Identifying topic sentence,Everyone wants to live a long, healthy life. We know that the food we eat affects us in different ways. For instance, doctor believe that fruit and vegetables can actually prevent many different diseases. On the other hand, animals fat can cause disease. We can improve our diet now, and enjoy many years of healthy living.,The food we eat affects us in different ways.,The topic sentence in a paragraph,Definition of Topic Sentence,states the main idea of a paragraphmust be a sentence of opinion or attitudemight be the most general of all statements,A topic sentence is to a paragraph what a thesis sentence is to an essay.,The food affects us in different ways. a. fruit preventing diseases. b. animals fat causing diseaseConcluding: We can prove our diet now.,Structure of the Paragraph,Topic sentenceSupporting evidence 1Supporting evidence 2Concluding sentence,Topic Sentence = Subject + Predicatee.g. The food we eat affects us in different ways.,Two parts of the Topic sentence,Topic,Controlling Ideas,The topic sentence in a paragraph,Functions of Topic Sentence,provides a focus for the paragraph affords paragraph unity. reflects a point view about the thesis.,A topic sentence cant be written as:1. Announcements e.g. The subject of this paper will be my parents.2. Statements that are too broad. e.g. My parents have been the most influential people in my life.3. Statements that they are too narrow. e.g. My parents had only one child.4. Statements that contain more than one idea. e.g. My parents helped my grow in important ways, although in other respects I was limited.,Repetition of Key words e.g. Where does the designer get ideas and inspiration for new fashions? The designer gets ideas from everywhere.Substitutions e.g. In Thailand between 2 and 5 of every 100,000 women die of breast tumor. In the US 30-40 meet the fate.Pronouns e.g. Time talks. It speaks more plainly than words.Transitions e.g. Colors are closely associated with individual and group symbolism and emotional response. For example, red is the color or blood, and some people subconsciously react to the color read as they would to blood.,ways to achieve coherence to a paragraph,1. listing, such as: firstly, in the first place, secondly, thirdly, my next point is, last/finally2. showing the cause and effect relationship between one idea and another: so, therefore, thus, because, since3. indicating that the speaker or writer is going to illustrate his ideas by giving examples: for instance, for example, lets take, an example/instance of this was4. introducing an idea which runs against what has been said, or is going to be said: but, nevertheless, on the other hand, and yet, although, whereas, on the contrary5. summing up: to summarise, in other words, to sum up 6. expressing time relationship: then, next, after that, previously, while, when7. re-phrasing what has already been said, or introduce a definition: in other words, to put it another way8. expressing a condition: if, unless, assuming that9. indicating the extension or further development of ideas which are closely related to the previously discussed topics: furthermore, moreover, in addition,Makers,Draw Diagrams,Topic sentenceSupporting evidence 1Supporting evidence 2Concluding sentence,Note-taking,I. Topic sentenceII. Supporting evidence A 1. 2. 3. Supporting evidence B 1. 2. 3.III. conclusion,Steps in Summarizing an Article Step 1: Skim the passage to gain main ideas by questions: e.g. Q1: What is the subject of the passage? Q2: What is about? Q3: Where was it conducted? And when?Step 2: Prepare the first draft of your summary. a. Identify at the start of the summary the title and the author. b. Express the main points and key supporting details in your own words. c. Do not stick to the original in the order in which ideas are presented.,Principals in Writing a Summary,Unit Four,Describing What You See,By the end of this unit you should be able to:describe countries, towns, and landscapeswrite guidesdescribe scenes or weather conditionsdescribe peopledescribe objectsdescribe general and specific processes and procedureswrite instructions,Themes and Functions,Warm-up,Nowadays, traveling becomes one of the popular activities in free time. When we getting around, lots of scenery will impress us, and becomes good memory. In this unit, we are going to learn how to describe what we see in our daily life.,What is description?Description is painting a picture in words of a person, place,object, process, or scene.Hearing Sight Smell Touch Taste,Drills to Describe place,_ is surrounded by _. It is composed of/consists of _. it lies off _. It is situated/located _. The population of is _. The density of population is _. is the language which is spoken predominantly.,Appearance Presenting details of eyes, mouth, nose, hair, facial expression, figure, pose, clothes, jewelry, and etc.Objects Presenting details of texture, pattern, color, materialOrganization Any description should be organized around a main point, or controlling ideas.,Describing People and Objects,Prewriting StageStep 1 making a list of all steps.Step 2 numbering your items in time order.Step 3 grouping your items in time order.,Describing Processes,Writing stageStep 1 write an introductory paragraph the thesis can either say (1) it is important that your readers know about this process (2) state your opinion of this process.,Describing Processes,Is it easy for readers to follow the activities.,clear,2. Did I use transitions such as first, next, to make it smooth and fluent.,3. Did I have introduction and concluding paragraph?,coherent,complete,Describing Process,Revising Stage,Unit Five,Telling What Happened,By the end of this unit, you should be able to:write a story using correct grammatical formswrite a well-organised text about your past experiencestart a story in different waysselect accurate and precise words to describe eventsuse quotation marks correctlywrite direct and reported speech,Themes and Functions,To narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems,What is Narration?,Time and the order of events,Time 1,Time 2,Time 3,Time 4,past,present,future,The simple present tense,The past perfect tense,The simple past tense,The simple future tense,Five factors for Narrative Writing,Context Selection of details OrganizationLanguage usedPoint of view,context,when, where and to whom the action in an event happened is often made clear at the beginning of the passage.The last sentence usually draws up the conclusion of the whole event so that the reader can get a sense of completeness. The conclusion should relate to the main event of the story, not the minor points.,Selection of details,Narrations of incidents and events are made up of details.There should be enough details so that the reader knows what is happening. Only relevant details, or things that contribute to bringing out the main idea of the story are useful and effective.,Organization,Incidents and events are usually presented in chronological order, that is, in the order in which they occur. But it is also possible, and sometimes preferable, to start from the middle or even the end of the story with the event that is most important or most likely to arouse the readers interest, and then go back to the beginning by using flashbacks.,Checklist for one to the organization,1. Do you present the idea of time clearly so that your reader w