英语的句子成分ppt课件.ppt

1 主语 句子的主体，表明一个句子说的 是谁或是什么事,2 谓语 说明主语的动作或状态,4 宾语 用在及物动词或介词后，表示动作的,行为对象或介词某种联系的对象,状态、身份、类属、所在地点等,5 补语 用来补充说明宾语或主语的情况,3 表语 用在系动词后面，表示主语的特征、,英语的句子成分,6 定语 用来限定或修饰名词一类的词,7 状语 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词及从句,10 十大词类等和句子成分间的关系(见下表),8 同位语 用在名词或代词后，对其作补充说明,9 与全句没有什么语法关系，用来独立成份 表示说话人的语气、感情等,实 词,虚 词,句子,成分,词 类,1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,n. pron num adj adv v.,S,Vpred,O,P,OC,Attr,Ad,同位语,独立成分,art.prep int.sub-,前置,后置,非谓语动词、独立主格、短语及从句和句子成分间的关系,类 非 谓 语 动 词 独 立 别 ger. inf. part. 主 格 各 类 短 语 从 句,句子,成分,S （名, 数, 动名词, 不定式）,V pred,O （名, 数, 动名词,不定式）,P （同上）形, 副, 介, 分词 Oc （同上）形, 副, 介,分词 Attr. 不定式, 形, 副, 介, 分词,Ad,表示肯定, 否定的yes, no及不定式前的to是十大词类外的特殊单词,同 位 语 名,介,不定式such,as,or,that is,独立成分 不定式, 形,介,分词, 短句,不定式, 副,介,分词(名,形),介,( ),The End,7. The missing havent been found yet. The unemployed usually lead a hard life. “A” is an article.,1 主语 I. 主语可以用以下这些东西来表示：,1. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.,2. This is Mary speaking.,3. Two-thirds of the doctors there are women.,4. There is no telling when they can get ready.,5. To finish the novel will take up much of my spare time.,6. a.That they failed in their attempt is entirely understandable. b.Whether well go depends on the weather. c.What has happened proves that our policy is right.,(名词),(代词),(数词),(动名词),(不定式),(从句),(名词化的其他词类),6.由从句担任主语 a.由陈述句变化来的主语从句 b.由一般、反意或选择问句变化来的主语从句 c.由特殊问句变化来的主语从句,3.a. Its rather hot today. b. Its only ten minutes drive to the airport. c. It is the Mid-Autumn Festival.,II. 以it 作主语或形式主语的句子,1.a. “Whats this?” “ Its a harvester.” b. “Im translating some of Shelleys poems.” “Oh, its not an easy job”,2.a. “Who is making such a noise?” “It must be the children.” b. Its the wind shaking the window.,4. It was in the school library that I met him. When was it that you had the get-together with them?,1.代替刚提到过的一个事物： a.指一个具体的东西 b.指前面所谈的情况,2. a.指做某个动作的人 b.指引起某种情况的事物,3. a.指自然现象 b.指距离、环境等 c.指时间、季节等,4. it 用来引起强调句： it 没有词意，只帮助改变句子的结构，使某一成分得到强调。,5. a. It is foolish (of) to be still worrying about it.,Its not easy (for us) to learn English well.,b. Is it worthwhile making such an experiment?,6. a. It was clear that they had no desire for peace.,b. It doesnt matter whether he agrees with me.,c. It hasnt been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.,7. a.It is a pity (a shame, a fact, an honor, a wonder, a good thing, good news, no wonder) that,b.It is strange (natural, surprising, obvious, true, unusual, fortunate, wonderful, funny, impossible, unlikely) that,c.It seems (happened, struck me, occurred to me) that,d.It was said (reported, decided, expected, ) that,e.It is doubtful (not known, not made clear, to be found out, to be decided, being considering, ) +,It doesnt matter (make too much difference) +whether / who, when, how连接代/副词引起的从句,5.做形式主语 a.代替由不定式担任的主语 b.代替由动名词担任的主语,6.做形式主语代替由从句担任的主语 a.由陈述句变化来的主语从句 b.由一般、反意或选择问句变化来的主语从句 c.由特殊问句变化来的主语从句,7. 能用这种从句做主语，用 it 做形式主语的结构， 有下面几类：,有人称, 时态, 语态和语气的变化；可分为两类：,1.He majors in English.,3.It was proposed that the cultural relations between the two countries (should) be expanded.,1. I may be wrong. Wed better have a doctor in. We must give him a chance to turn over a new leaf.,2. We have to do something for them. The train is due to arrive at 7:30. They dont seem to like idea.,2 谓语,2.Their standards of living are going up steadily.,I.简单谓语,II.复合谓语,(A),I. 凡是由一个动词（包括短语动词）构成的， 不管是什么时态、语态、语气，都是简单谓语：,II.复合谓语由两部分构成，有以下两类： (A) 带不定式的复合谓语（由情态动词或其他动词加不定式构成） 1.不带 to 的不定式 2.带 to 的不定式 3.带复合宾语的句子变成的被动结构 (B) 带表语的复合谓语（由系动词或其他个别动词加表语构成,3. He was often heard to sing this patriotic song. = We often heard him sing this patriotic song.,They should be kept informed of what we are doing. = We should keep them informed of what we are doing.,1. It is a powerful engine.,2. His dreams have at last come true.,3. The weather continued fine for several days.,He was regarded as a genius.,The surface was finally polished smooth.,。,They are said to be searching for the missing girl.,(B),I. 表语可以用以下这些东西来表示：,1. He still remained a hero in peoples minds.,2. Thats something we have always to keep in mind.,3. She was the first to learn about it.,4. His hair has gone white.,5. He remained standing there for a couple of hours.,At last the truth became known.,6. Her job is selling computers.,7. His wish was to become an artist.,8. Is Tom in? The meeting wasnt over till midnight.,9. The bridge is under construction.,10.My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.,Is the gas / recorder on or off?,That is why we decided to put the discussion off.,3 表语,The problem is whether well have enough time.,(名词),(代词),(数词),(形容词),(分词),(动名词),(不定式),(副词),(介词短语),(从句),1. His father is a professor of physics.,2. He is the head of Marys family.,They became American citizens in 2001.,Mr. Li is director of the department of English.,3. The experiment is very important. = The experiment is of great importance.,4. The children were exhausted and soon they fell asleep.,The machines out of order.,5. Im all for / against the plan.,The war wasnt over till 1945. They arent around.,The problem is to find a solution.,This is where I work.,II.表语主要用来表示：,The apartment is to let.,类属,身份,特征,状态,其他,一、表示主语具有某种状态、特征、类属、身份等,1. is, am, are, was, were 2. seem, appear 3. look, sound, smell, taste, feel,a. He looks (to be) quite old. b. He seems (to be) quite old. c. He appears (to be) quite old.,It looks that the book is too difficult for us.,seems,He looks to know it. It seems like rain,.,seems,looks,He looks like his father in character.,is,你姐姐长得什么样子？,What does your sister look like?,你姐姐是怎么一个人？,What is your sister like?,III.系 动 词,二、表示主语从某种状态等到另一种状态的变化,turn, become, get, go, fall, come, prove,1. go bad, go mad, go hungry, go sour, go blind / deaf , go bankrupt / broken, go gray, go out of date eg. a.Perhaps the machine has gone wrong b.The old man went crazy. c.The cheese soon goes moldy in hot weather. ( go不与 old, ill 连用),3. The young man has become a poet / turn poet. In autumn the leaves will turn yellow. When she was laughed at, her face turned red.,2. fall ill / sick, fall silent eg. He fell asleep soon.,三、表示主语继续或保持某种状态,keep, remain, stay, stand, continue, lie,It is bad manners to keep silent when teachers ask you questions.,2. In time of danger, he always remains calm.,3. Well stay awake to see what will happen. The temperature stays hot these days.,5.The weather will continue fine for a few days.,6. Bob lay sick.,4. The student stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.,2. Im going to town. He has gone abroad for further education.,3. Be careful not to fall down. The leaves fell to the ground.,4. He turned to me for help. Turn to P.40, please.,When she was laughed at, her face turned red. In autumn the leaves will turn yellow.,IV.兼作行为动词的系动词（be 以外的系动词）,系动词在英语中分两大类。一类是be 动词, 另一类系动词本身既是行为动词同时又是系动词。作行为动词时，若是 vt. 后边要有宾语，是 vi.后边往往跟状语。,1.We got there at 6:00 A. M. Can you get a couple of tickets for the concert? We have got ready for the dictation. The day is getting longer and longer,4 宾语宾语可以用以下这些东西来表示:,1. Show your passports, please.,2. They didnt promise him anything definite.,3. How many do you need? -We need two.,4. The nurses carried the seriously wounded.,5. The boy denied cheating in the examination.,6. Remember to buy a few stamps, wont you?,7. We had the photos taken yesterday. They made the girl vice-director of the factory.,8. I suggest that he take an umbrella. I dont know whether these figures are accurate. I wonder how old he was.,I. 动词的宾语,(名词),(代词),(数词),(形容词),(动名词),(不定式),(复合宾语),(从句),II.介词的宾语,1.She went across the street to pick up a dictionary.,2.Nobody has got anything against him.,3.He left Shanghai without telling us.,4.He gave a lesson on how to improve English.,5.A taxi came along from behind me.,6.Man differs from brutes in that they can think and speak.,7.His pronunciation is far from perfect. I heard someone calling me from below.,8.They took a picture of us boating on the lake.,(名词),(代词),(动名词),(不定式),(介词短语),(从句),(形容词),(副词),(动名词复合结构),III.直接宾语和间接宾语,间接宾语只用在某些动词后, 表示动作对谁或为谁做。 间接宾语有时可以改成一个由 for 或 to 引起的短语，放到直接宾语后面去。,1) 下列动词的间接宾语要改成由 for 引起的短语： eg. I have found him a seat. = I found a seat for him.buy, cook, do, fetch, find, get, (leave把留给某人), lose, make, order, (play), (read), save, sing, spare2)下列动词的间接宾语要改成由 to 引起的短语： eg. He gave me his address. = He gave his address to me. allow, assign, bring, deny, do, give, hand, (leave死后留下给某人), lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, (read), refuse, return, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, wish, write, (play) (sing),Hell report it to the teacher.,1) SV+间接宾语+直接宾语,我祝你成功。,I wish you success.,这工作花了我两天时间。,The job took me two days.,我给他省去许多麻烦。,I save him much trouble.,2) SV+ 直接宾语+ 介词+间接宾语,他给我们解释课文。,He explain the text to us.,我把他介绍给我的朋友们。,I introduced him to my friends.,他将把这件事报告给老师。,2. 下列动词的直接宾语和间接宾语位置固定不能互换。,IV.复合宾语 主要有以下几种类型:1.下列动词及短语动词要用带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语 eg. The teacher encouraged the student to enter the competition. advise, allow, appoint, ask, assign, bear, beg, believe, cause, command, consider, direct, drive(强迫), enable, encourage, equip, expect, get, give, forbid, force, hate, (help), instruct, intend, invite, know, lead, leave, like, mean (打算让做), oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press(催促)，request, require, remind, send, teach, tell, tempt, urge, use, warn, want, wish arrange for, ask for, call on, depend on, long for, prepare for, wait for, wish for,2.下列动词及短语动词要用省 to 的不定式作宾语补足语 eg.He felt the building shake last night.feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, listen to, look at, have, let, make, (help) 3.下列动词及短语动词可用现在 / 过去分词作宾语补足语a. make doneb. smell doing() look at, listen to, observe, notice, send(逼使某人做) c. have done / have doing() feel, findget, have, hear, keep, leave, see, want, watch4.下列动词及短语动词可用 a.名词、 b.形容词、 c.副词或介词短语作宾语补足语appoint, call, choose, consider, elect, feel, find, keep, know , leave, make, name, thinkb. believe, consider, drivemad, feel, find, force, imagine, getready, keep, leave, make, paint, prove, setfree, suppose, think, turn, want, wish, c. find, follow, hang, leave, regardas, think,V. 用 it 作形式宾语或宾语的句子,1.At first I found it difficult(for)to understand him.,2.Do you consider it any good sending people over?,3.I made it quite clear to him that I would not go.,4.He took it for granted that we would like the idea.,Ill see to it that we are back before four oclock.,5.“I should like to have a try.” “You will find it quite interesting.,VI. 同源宾语,She dreamt a sweet dream. The old / aged / elderly are living a happy life today.,5 补语：在复合宾语中充当宾补,在被动句中充当主补,1. Ill get someone else to do it. She always has her room look neat and tidy.,2. Everywhere we saw people celebrating the Spring Festival. People were seen celebrating the Spring Festival Please have your blood tested in the next room.,3. We must keep it a secret. It must be kept a secret.,4. They considered her (to be) beautiful. She was considered (to be) beautiful.,5. Please make yourselves at home.,6. Did you find them in?,(带to不定式),(省to不定式),(现在分词),(过去分词),(名词),(形容词),(介词短语),(副词),6 定语 I.可以用以下这些东西来表示：,1. He must be the best violinist alive.,2. There are two women teachers and many girl students in the hall. Whats your governments policy towards these countries.,3. Your hair needs cutting. Everybodys business is nobodys business.,4. The six countries belong to the third world. Do it now, you may not get a second chance!,5. The apartment above is the Greens,(形容词),(名词),(名词所有格),(代词),(数词),(副词),6. Those under 18 must not see the film.,7. She has a wish to travel round the world. Its time (for us) to go.,8. The walking stick is made of wood.,9. The number of foreign guests coming to the party is large. Do you know the number of books ordered by the library?,10. The car thats parked outside is hers. Her car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.,(介词短语),(不定式),(不定式复合结构),(动名词),(现在分词),(过去分词),(从句),in the room/ there/ awake to leave for Beijing full of courage standing at the gate who is standing at the gate called Mary who is called Mary with a book in her hand.,II.2. 定语用来修饰句中的名词代词,the tall young girl,1.The girl studies hard. 2.Their class teacher is the girl . 3.I know the girl .4.Ill tell the girl the truth. 5.Ill ask the girl to help me. 6.There is a girl over there.,II.1.定语由一个单词充当时, 放在它所修饰的词 前面（前置） （但副词或少数特殊的形容词作定语时须前置） 定语由词组或从句担任时, 要放在它所修饰 的词后面（后置）,7 状语,可以用以下这些东西来表示:,1. The climate is lovely here, especially in spring.,2. On becoming a member, you will receive a membership card.,3. We did everything (that) we could to save his life.,4. Seeing this, some of us became very worried. Moved by their speech, we were at a loss what to say.,5. They get medical care free of charge.,6. When I was very ill, she nursed me day and night. Todays temperature is two degrees below zero.,7. He entered the room, his nose red with cold.,8. Ill let you know as soon as it is arranged.,(介词短语),(副词),(不定式),(现在分词/过去分词),(形容词短语),(名词短语),(从句),(独立主格),1.你们姑娘们可以坐在那边的座位上。,You girls may take those seats over there.,2.他看了各种各样的书，古今中外都有。,He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.,3.他们每个人都喜欢这里的气候。(each),They each like the climate here.,4.长城世界奇迹之一吸引了大批外国朋友。,The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.,5.他发明了一种新型汽车的消息使我们很高兴。,The news that he had invited a new type of car delighted us.,8 同位语,可以用以下这些东西来表示：,(名词),(形容词短语),(代词),(数词短语),(从句),1.感叹词 Ohwhat a magnificent building this is!,2.呼语 Mary,what do you have on your mind?,3.插入语,1) Well have to book our tickets in advance, Im afraid.,2) The trees in that area, it is said, are mostly over thirty feet tall.,a. I think /hope /guess /believe /suppose /wonder b. you see /know c. dont you think /know d. I tell you, it seems(to me), it is suggested,3) To tell you the truth, I am against the plan.,4) Judging from her accent / Honestly /If I may say so / In my opinion / Strange, she was not qualified for the job.,9 独立成份,可以用以下这些东西来表示：,十,