科技英语写作第五讲 插入语和否定ppt课件.ppt
2022/11/23,1,Scientific English Writing,EST,Fan Cong,2022/11/23,2,Contents,2022/11/23,3,The Definition of Parentheses The Usage of Parentheses,Parentheses,2022/11/23,4,The Definition of Parentheses,插入语是句子的一种独立成分，它与句子的其它部分没有任何语法关系，只是做一些附加的解释，或起承上启下的作用，也常用来表示作者的态度与看法等等。有些插入语与状语很接近。,2022/11/23,5,The Usage of Parentheses,1. 由副词和固定的介词短语构成的插入语在句中可置于句首、句尾，也可插在句中（特别常见的是however和for example）,其前后一般都有逗号以与句子的其他部分断开。However, the following factors must be taken into account.然而，我们必须考虑以下的一些因素。An increase in temperature, though, tends to make a gas expand.可是，温度的升高会使气体膨胀。Consider, for example, the sum-of-products expression.例如，考虑一下积之和的表达式。,2022/11/23,6,The Usage of Parentheses,2. 具有主谓或系表结构的插入语即“插入句” （1）位于主句中的情况多数位于主语之后（有的位于连系动词之后），可以是主动式，也可以是被动式。This book is, we hope, a concise introduction to principles of computers.我们希望这本书是对计算机原理的一个简明介绍。Velocity, we have noted before, is a vector quantity.我们在前面已注意到，速度是个矢量。Nuclear fission, it has been claimed, will be a cheap, clean and almost inexhaustible source of power.人们断言，核裂变将是一种便宜、干净且几乎是用之不尽的能源。,2022/11/23,7,The Usage of Parentheses,2. 具有主谓或系表结构的插入语即“插入句”（1）位于主句中的情况用say=let us say(比如说)(可以用逗号隔开，也可以不隔开)A Boolean variable, say A, can take on only two values.任何一个波尔变量，譬如说A，只能呈现两个数值。We try to make x drop to below say 5.我们设法使x降到比如说5以下。All this is happening, remember, on a time scale measured in microseconds or picoseconds.请记住，这一切的发生都是在以微秒或皮秒的时间尺度内的。,2022/11/23,8,The Usage of Parentheses,2. 具有主谓或系表结构的插入语即“插入句”，主谓结构中的动词必须是及物的。（1）位于主句中的情况用特殊的what从句（一般用逗号隔开）The atomic number is equal to the number of electrons per atom or, what is equivalent, the number of protons per nucleus.原子序数等于每个原子的电子数，或者说等于每个原子核的质子数。The current in an inductor lags the voltage by 90or, what is the same thing, the voltage leads the current by 90.电感器中的电流滞后于电压90度，或者说电压倒前于电流90度。,2022/11/23,9,The Usage of Parentheses,2. 具有主谓或系表结构的插入语即“插入句”，主谓结构中的动词必须是及物的。（2）位于从句中的情况：一般跟在从句主语后，可用逗号间隔开，也可不用逗号隔开。大多数位于定语从句内Electrical inventors who followed Edison did not have to experiment with the substances which he had found would not work.爱迪生之后的电器发明家就不必对已经被他发现不起作用的那些物质进行实验了。We could apply these two vectors, which it will be noticed are in polar form, to any network characteristic.我们可以把这两种矢量应用于任何网络特性，读者将会注意到，这两种矢量均为极坐标形式。,2022/11/23,10,The Usage of Parentheses,2. 具有主谓或系表结构的插入语即“插入句”，主谓结构中的动词必须是及物的。（2）位于从句中的情况：一般跟在从句主语后，可用逗号间隔开，也可不用逗号隔开。what从句、状语从句中的插入句。If, say, V1=0, the output can never become negative.如果比如说V1=0，那么输出永远也不会成为负的。If we dissolve, say, a spoon of sugar in water, the dissolved sugar molecules remain electrically neutral.如果我们比如说把一匙糖溶解于水中，那么溶解的糖分子依然是电中性的。,2022/11/23,11,Negation,“No” expressing negative meaning Partial negation and full negation Words with negative meaningsSentences with negative forms but affirmative meanings,2022/11/23,12,“No” expressing negative meaning,中子不带电。A neutron carries no charge.这些波并不需要靠介质来传播。These waves require no medium for their propagation.这结果和如果我们在图8-3的左下方放上一个平板所出现的情况没有什么不同。This result is no different from what would occur if we put a screen across the lower left part of Fig.8-3.,2022/11/23,13,Partial negation and full negation,1. 当both， all，every等词与not连用时表示“部分否定”（意思是“并非都.”），等效于not both, not all, not every等。Both instruments here are not good.这里的两台仪器并非都是好的。All the data are not to be checked.并非全部数据都要核对。The solutions to all problems may not be so easily determined.所有这些题目的解并非都能容易的求出。,2022/11/23,14,Partial negation and full negation,注意：whole与not出现在句中时也表示部分否定，译成“并非”，如：The whole design was not completed at that time.该设计在当时并未全部完成。,2022/11/23,15,Partial negation and full negation,2. 若要表示全否定，可使用neither, none, no等词。No ordinary window can withstand so large a force.普通的窗户承受不了这么大的力。None of the inert gases will combine with other substances to form compounds.惰性气体均不会和其他物质化合成化合物。Neither of the devices is good in quality.这两台设备的质量都不好。,2022/11/23,16,Words with negative meanings,副词never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, nor等词；代词few, little等；短语by no means, in no way, at no time, in no case, on no account, under no conditions, no longer等；形容词impossible, incorrect等等以及其它的一些动词也可表示否定的概念。温度的绝对零度是永远不可能达到的。The absolute zero of temperature can never be reached.在这种情况下，方程（5）已不再有意义了。In this case, Equation(5) no longer has a meaning.,2022/11/23,17,Sentences with negative forms but affirmative meanings,在科技文中比较常见的有以下几种：,1. too +形容词或副词“cannot enough等副词 ， Overemphasize等动词意为“无论怎么也不过分”2. “cannot but + 动词不定式”，意为“不得不，只好”。In this case we cannot but determine k first.在这种情况下，我们只好先确定k的值。,2022/11/23,18,Sentences with negative forms but affirmative meanings,3. “not + 瞬间动词（leave, receive, finish, stop, come, go等）until”意为“直到才”This fundamental question did not receive adequate answer until little more than a century ago.这个基本问题只是直到一个世纪以前才获得了合适的答案。4. 仅用于过去动作的“no soonerthan ”或 “hardlywhen”,表示“一就”.Hardly was Resistor-Transistor Logic well launched when Diode-Transistor Logic appeared.电阻晶体管逻辑电路刚发展成熟就出现了二极管晶体管逻辑电路。,
