新编英语语法教程ppt课件更新.ppt

English Grammar,libo Department of Foreign languages,Contract info.,E-mail: Tel no: 15051970805,What does Grammar mean?,Grammar is a set of rules that regulate peoples speech and writing, esp. writing, to fit into a proper form.,Language system,Meaning system,Form system,Sound system,Morphology& syntax,grammar,The status of English grammar in language system,The way we learn grammar,Read much Not only grammar booksThink much Grammar rules and differences between English and ChinesePractice much Not just for tests,Introduction,Grammatical Hierarchy(语法层次),Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks. Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank.,Grammatical Hierarchy,Sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit while the morpheme is the minimum or lowest rank. A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest units- the morphemes, e.g.,What are these letters standing for?,N: noun (book,student,table)NP: noun phraseVP: verb phrasePP: prepositional phraseMv: main verb (take,buy,lend,visit)Aux: auxiliary (be,do have,can,should)Det: determiner (the,a,this,that,his)Adv: adverb (quickly,sadly,strongly)Adj: adjective (kind,warm,beautiful)Prep: preposition (in,at on,above),Morphemes(词素),Morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech. Morphemes fall into two categories: free morphemes (自由词素) bound morphemes（粘附词素）,Free morphemes vs Bound morphemes,A free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple word, e.g. boy, girl, book,desk,shop, teach, good,kind,friend (Derivative and compound word)Bound morphemes are mostly affixes. They are also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other form. Therefore, a bound morpheme can not stand by itself, it only exists as an inflectional or derivational affix, e.g.,Bound morphemes（粘附词素）,Bound morpheme,Affix,CombiningForm(组合形式),inflectional,derivational,-s/-es,-s,-ed,-ing,-er/-est,Prefix,Suffix,anti-war, post-war,Marxist, movement,(屈折词缀),（派生词缀）,-ceive, -duct, receive, conductbio-,-logy, micro-,-phone, biology, microphonemini-, minibus,Allomorph(词素变体),The same morpheme in different contexts may take different phonological（语音上） or orthographical （拼写上）forms. The variants of the same morpheme are called “Allomorph”. For example:Orthographical variants: in- inactive incoherent im- immature imperfect il- illegal illogical ir- irrational irregularPhonological variants: Cats/s/ dogs/z/ horses/iz/,Words,A word is composed of one or more than one morpheme. Words can be classified in two ways.In terms of word-formation, words can be divided into simple words, derivatives and compounds, e.g.Simple words: at,by,take,write, day, hope, happyDerivatives(词根加派生词缀）：unimportant, dislike, counterattack, pro-Chinese, semicircle, supermarket,preschool,beautify,lucky,arrangement,boyhood(page 3)Compounds(两个或两个以上自由词素构成): deadline,typewriter, birthday, blackboard, greenhouse, blacksheep，anybody,whatever,Words,In terms of grammatical function, words can be divided into closed-class words and open-class words. The former refer to those (like auxiliary, pronoun, preposition, determiner, conjunction, etc.) whose items are “closed” or limited in number (function words) while the latter refer to those (like noun, main verb, adjective, adverb, etc.) whose items are indefinitely extendable. New items are constantly created and old items are giving place to the new ones (content words). e.g. computer,mouse,gay,lady,paper,blue-collar,white-collar.,Phrases(短语),The phrase is composed of one or more than one word. Generally the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. The word class of the head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which words are organized.Here we introduce five types of phrases: NP, VP, AdjP, AdvP, PreP,Noun Phrases (NP),The noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. general pattern: ( determiner+) (pre-modifier+ ) noun (+post-modifier)e.g. all the college studentshis new book on phonologythe tall boy sitting in the cornerMilton lived in the 17th century,Verb Phrases (VP),The verb phrase is a phrase with a main verb as its head. A verb phrase can be simple or complex. A simple verb phrase is just a main verb of “modifier + main verb”. For example: She looks pale. They fully appreciate our problemsA complex verb phrase is a main verb preceded by an auxiliary (auxiliaries 助动词) + modifier. For example: It is getting dark She ought to have told him about it. Joan will certainly object and so will Mary.,Adjective Phrases (AdjP),The adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head, it can just include an adjective.general pattern:modifier + adjective + post-modifier/complementatione.g. The weather is fine today. The course is pretty difficult. You are not careful enough.,Adverb Phrases (AdvP),The adverb phrase is a phrase with an adverb as its head. It can just include an adverb.general pattern: modifier + adverb + post-modifiere.g.He spoke loudly and clearly.Be a man. Dont act so slowly.She spoke very clearly indeed.,Prepositional Phrases (PrepP),The prepositional phrase is a phrase with a preposition as its head.general pattern: modifier + preposition + complementation(必不可少)Do you think you can borrow some money from your friend?We are collecting money for the benefit of orphans. The weather has been fine except in the north.,Clauses(分句),A clause is composed of one or more than one phrase. A full-fledged clause is structurally(结构上) a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of “subject + predicate”（语法上）.,Clauses,According to their grammatical functions, clauses may fall into the following categories:1. Independent and dependent clause2. Simple and complex clause3. Main and subordinate clause4. Finite and non-finite clause5. Verbless clause,1) Independent and dependent clauses,An independent clause(独立分句) is a clause that can stand by itself and act as a complete utterance, as distinguished from a dependent clause（从属分句) which forms only part of another clause or of a phrase. Judge whether the following clauses are independent or dependent.He knows everything about it.I dont think he knows everything about it.His new book will soon come out. It is on grammar.His new book that will soon come out is on grammar.,2) Simple and complex clauses,When a clause consists of only one construction of “subject + predicate”, it is a simple clause. An independent simple clause is virtually a simple sentenceIt is not true (独立简单分句/简单句)When a clause comprises another clause or other clauses as its element or elements, it is a complex clause. An independent complex clause is also a complex sentence.He complained that what you said is not true (从属复杂分句),3) Main and subordinate clauses,In a complex clause, the clause that takes another clause as its element is the main clause, while the clause that forms part of the main clause is subordinate clause, e.g.,Note: While the subordinate clause is embedded in the main clause, the main clause can also be part of another subordinate clause which is embedded in some other higher matrix clause.,4) Finite and non-finite clauses,A clause can be finite or non-finite. A finite clause is one with a finite verb phrase as its predicate verb or predicator; a non-finite clause is a clause with non-finite verb phrase (动词不定式、ing分词、-ed分词) as its predicator.I signed the paper to get the license.I believe him to be innocent.Do you mind opening the window?,5) Verbless clauses(无动词分句),A verbless clause is a construction of “subject + predicate” without any form of verb element, e.g. Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned.For they are hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned.(省略了主语和谓语)Christmas then only ten days away, the family was pent up with excitement.For Christmas then was only ten days away, the family was pent up with excitement.（省略了谓语）,Sentences,The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. The sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can stand by itself and perform a communicative function.,Full and Minor sentences(完全句和不完全句),A full sentence is a sentence with an expressed subject and predicate. This kind of sentence is mostly used in formal speech and writing. A minor sentence is only sentence fragment which in specific context can stand by itself and perform a communicative function. Minor sentences are extensively used in informal discourses.A: When did he arrive? （full sentence）B: Last night.（minor sentence）A: Who called this morning? B: Mrs Smith.No parking!Help!,The types of full sentence,Simple sentence(简单句) a sentence that comprises only one independent clause. The students have made better grades in the past few weeks.Compound sentence (并列句) two or more coordinated independent clauses make a compound sentence. (usually joined together by using conjunctions such as: and, or, but, then, etc.) Miss Lindstorm came to the party, but Mr and Mrs Sherman did not.Complex sentence (复杂句) an independent clause that comprises one or more dependent clauses as its element(s). The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.,In a word, all this goes to show that a sentence can be long or short, simple or complex, and can consist of only one word or one phrase, or of the whole paragraph.,Lecture One,Sentence Structure (句子结构),Sentence Structure(句子结构),Subject and predicateTwo ways of sentence analysisBasic clause types,Subject and predicate,As has been pointed before, the clause or the simple sentence is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of “subject + predicate”. That is to say, the clause or the simple sentence is not just an agglomeration of phrases; it is a group of phrases organized into a construction of “subject +predicate”.,Subject and predicate,A full-fledged clause can be generally divided into two parts: the subject and the predicate.The subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about. It is generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase.The predicate says something about the subject and bears the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader. It generally consists of a verb phrase with or without complementation.,the subject the predicate Henry is the most studious in the class. Marys dog is chasing Teds cat. The floods made thousands of people homeless.Jennies skirt is designed in the shape of mushroom.The boys and the girls are planning a dance my friends lives in a green house and rides a red bike.,See the following sentences:,sentence analysis,English sentences can be analyzed in two ways:One way is to divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial. These elements together with the subject make the five clause elements. (Note: no attributive)The other way is to divide the predicate（谓语） into two parts: the operator(操作词) and the predication(述谓成分). Operator is usually the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex VP, while the predication comprises the main verb with its complementation (object, complement or adverbial),For instance, sentence “All the men have done their best” can be analyzed as:,Sentence Clause NP VP NP Subject Predicate Verb Object All the men have done their best.,Or it can be analyzed as:,Sentence Clause Subject Predicate Operator Predication All the men have done their best.,Members of a sentence,英语的基本成分有7种：subject, predicate,predicative,object,attribute,adverbial and complement.,subject,主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分，一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句充当，它的位置一般在句首。The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.,Predicate,谓语说明主语做了什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者复合动词构成。They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmatesHe can speak English.,Predicative,表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当。表语位于系动词之后。I am a teacher.She is happy.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.,Object,宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当，它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后。She plays the piano.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is a good boy.,Complement,在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在后面加上宾补才能表达完整的意思，它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用。它由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词或过去分词充当。Leave the door open.Make yourself at home.I saw him enter the hall.The boss keeps them working all day.,Adverbial,状语是用来修饰动词，形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度。一般由副词，介词短语，不定式等充当。He did it carefully.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.Without his help, we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.,Attribute,定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语。The black bike is mine.I have 5 books.A sleeping boy.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is jack.,Seven Basic clause types in English,S V C S V S V O S V o O S V O C S V A S V O A,Note:S: subjectV: verbO: objecto O: double objectsC: complementA: adverb,Innumberable sentences are structured on the basis of these clause types above.,1. 主-动-补（SVC）,The main verb（主动词） in an SVC pattern is a linking verb which must be followed by a subject complement(主补).系动词的分类：表示状态的系动词：be,look,seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain等。表示转变或结果的系动词： Become,get,grow,turn,go,come,prove等。,1. 主-动-补（SVC）,That car is mine（名词性物主代词作表语）Mr.Brown is an engineer.The classroom became silent.He remained standing for an hour.The machine is out of orderHis plan is to keep the affair secret.,2. 主-动（SV）,The main verb(主动词) is an intransitive verb which is not followed by any obligatory elements.Iron rustsEverybody laughedThe guests have arrivedThe children are sleeping.,3. 主-动-宾（SVO）,The main verb is a transitive verb followed by an object. I want a return ticket.Liverpool won the game.Nobody could answer the question.The train is building up speed.We all think that he is a good boy.,4. 主-动-宾-宾（SV00）,The main verb is a transitive verb followed by two objects.Direct object(多指物)和 indirect object(多指人)I sent him a telegram.Mary lent me her car.David showed me the way.,5. 主-动-宾-补（SVOC）,The main verb in an SVOC pattern is a complex transitive verb which must be followed by an object+object complement(宾补).动词虽然是及物动词，但只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。You should keep the room clean.,5. 主-动-宾-补（SVOC）,担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等He found his job boring.We made him our monitor.His father told him not to play in the street.Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.,5. 主-动-宾-补（SVOC）,区分SVOO与SVOCI sent him a telegramWe made him our spokesman,6. 主-动-状（SVA）,先看几个SV的句子I live in Beijing.Shakespeare lived in the 16th and early 17th century.They stay in a hotel.在上述SV结构中，由于谓语动词的词汇意义，其后必须跟有地点状语或时间状语，否则意义不完整，意义不明确。,7. 主-动-宾-状（SVOA）,在下列SVO结构中，状语也是不可缺少的：I put the material evidence in front of him.He treated her vilely.由于地点状语和方式状语在上述SVO结构中不可缺少，因此这类句子也可叫做SVOA.有少数几个动词在SV和SVO结构中，其后必须带有状语，否则意义不明。 SV-S