英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论ppt课件.ppt

,Practice of International Trade Chapter 1,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,You Are Who You Are,Performance 30%,Attendance 15%,Exercises & homework 15%,Final exam 70%,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,Starting from iPhone,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,Objectives,To master the procedure of International Trade practiceTo learn how to make required documentsTo master standard business terms and expressions,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,目录CONTENTS,C1 Introduction to International Trade 国际贸易导论C2 Business Negotiation and Conclusion of the Contract 交易磋商与合同订立C3 Quality and Quantity of Goods 商品的品质与数量C4 Packing and Marking 包装与标志C5 International Trade Terms 国际贸易术语C6 International Cargo Transport 国际货物运输C7 Cargo Transport Insurance 货物运输保险C8 International Payment 国际支付C9 Inspection/Claims/Force Majeure and Arbitration 检验、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁C10 Performance of the Contract 进出口合同的履行,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.1 What Is International Trade？,Viewed from the international sphere, the exchanges of goods and services across international boundaries or territories are worldwide trade transactions, and also known as international trade or world trade.,A. The definition of international trade,国际贸易（International Trade）是指不同国家（和/或地区）之间的商品和劳务的交换活动。国际贸易是商品和劳务的国际转移。国际贸易也叫世界贸易。国际贸易由进口贸易（Import Trade）和出口贸易(Export Trade)两部分组成，故有时也称为进出口贸易。,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,Some concepts:,Foreign Trade（对外贸易）: From the perspective of one country, international trade is also called foreign trade.Visible Trade(有形贸易）: Trade in goods which can be actually seen passing through ports or airport, entering or leaving one country.Invisible Trade（无形贸易）: Trade in services and technologies,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,Tangible goods,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,Intangible services,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,Case Study,Suppose that an America-based multinational company set up two subsidiaries in China. The parent company signed a sales contract with the subsidiaries, which stipulated that the parent company would make the delivery to one of the subsidiaries in Shanghai, which should forward some of the goods to another subsidiary at Chengdu. Question: Is the transaction between the parent company and the two subsidiaries an international trade?,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,国际性的判断标准,买卖双方当事人的营业地处于不同国家当事人具有不同的国籍订立合同的行为完成于不同国家货物须由一国运往另一国,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,Why do countries trade? Shouldnt a strong country such as the United States produce all of the computers, television sets, automobiles and cameras it wants rather than import such products from Japan? Why do the Japanese and other countries buy wheat, corn, chemical products, aircraft, manufactured goods, and informational services from the United States?,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,1）Resources reasons Climate conditions and terrain Agricultural produce Colombia and Brazil,Coffee beans coffee,A big wheat exporter,The US Great Plains states 北美中部大平原,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,1）Resources reasons,(2) Natural resources,Middle East : 70% worlds total oil reserve 40% world total outputOver 2/3 of the oil that Western Europe and Japan consume,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,1）Resources reasons,(3) Technologies and labor,Importing advanced equipment from the US, Japan,(4) Capital resources,The lack of capital- developing countries are unable to modernize their industries and economies with advanced machinery, equipment, and plant they are not yet able to manufacture.,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,1）Resources reasons,(5) Geographical location and transport costs,US VS Canada,EU,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,1）Resources reasons,(6) Insufficient production,Only 1.2% labor - in food production,Importing US$25 billion annually,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,2）Economic reasons,（1）Opportunity Cost,Definition: The loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen. (New Oxford American Dictionary )Opportunity cost is a key concept in economics, and has been described as expressing the basic relationship between scarcity and choice,为了得到某种东西而所要放弃另一些东西的最大价值；也可以理解为在面临多方案择一决策时，被舍弃的选项中的最高价值者是本次决策的机会成本；还指厂商把相同的生产要素投入到其他行业当中去可以获得的最高收益。,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,2）Economic reasons,（1）Opportunity Cost,Given a choice of producing one product or another, it is more efficient to produce the product with the lower opportunity cost, using the increased production of that product to trade for the product with the higher opportunity cost.,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,So you should carefully calculate your cost and benefit and make a wiser choice! Think of your opportunity cost of studying here?,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,2）Economic reasons,（2）The principle of absolute advantage 绝对优势,Adam Smith(1723-1790) The Wealth of Nations,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,2）Economic reasons,（2）The principle of absolute advantage 绝对优势,L: literH: hourY: yard,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,In France: Cost of Wine: 1 unit = 1/6 hourCost of Cloth: 1 unit = 1/4 hourIn England:Cost of Wine: 1 unit = 1 hourCost of Cloth: 1 unit = 1/5 hour,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,2）Economic reasons,You and your friends decided to help with fundraising for a local charity group by printing t-shirts and making birdhouses.Scenario 1: One of your friends, Gina, can print 5 t-shirts or build 3 birdhouses an hour. Your other friend, Mike, can print 3 t-shirts an hour or build 2 birdhouses an hour. Because your friend Gina is more productive at printing t-shirts and building birdhouses compared to Mike, she has an absolute advantage in both printing t-shirts and building birdhouses.,当两个国家生产两种商品，使用一种生产要素劳动时，如果刚好A国家在一种商品上劳动生产率高，B国家在这种商品上劳动生产率低，则A国该商品生产上具有绝对优势。两国按各自的绝对优势进行专业生产分工并参与贸易，则两国都能从贸易中得到利益。这种贸易利益来自专业化分工促进劳动生产率的提高。,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,2）Economic reasons,（3）The principle of comparative advantage 比较优势,On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,David Ricardo,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,2）Economic reasons,（2）The principle of comparative advantage 比较优势,Born to win,天生我材必有用,理财 你我 1分,营销 你我 3分,我们的分工合作关系是建立在比较优势之上，而不是绝对优势之上。,因为你的时间精力是有限的。尽管你什么都比我行，但你不能什么都自己做。当然你可以选择什么都自己做，但那样你得到的收益会少于和我合作你所得的份额。,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,比较优势理论（Theory of Comparative Advantage)可以表述为：每个人都消费本国和世界各国许多其他人所生产的物品或者劳务，一个可以用较少投入生产该物品的人被称为在生产该物品上具有绝对优势，生产该物品的机会成本比较小的人称为具有比较优势，而贸易的好处则是基于比较优势，而不是绝对优势，贸易可以使得每个人的状况变得更好，因为它使得人们可以专门从事自己具有比较优势的活动，但这个原理并不仅仅适用于个人。在两国间，劳动生产率的差距并不是在任何商品上都是相等。对于处于绝对优势的国家， 应集中力量生产优势较大的商品，处于绝对劣势的国家，应集中力量生产劣势较小的商品，然后通过国际贸易，互相交换，彼此都节省了劳动，都得到了益处。,（2）The principle of comparative advantage 比较优势,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.2 Why International Trade？,2）Economic reasons,要注意区分“绝对”与“比较”绝对优势是自己的某种商品跟别人的一个比较，即处于绝对优势或劣势；比较优势是自己多种商品之间的一个比较，选择生产绝对优势最大的商品（或绝对劣势最小的商品），从而实现利益最大化。亚当斯密认为社会各经济主体( 各国) 按照自己的特长实行分工, 进行专业化生产, 然后通过国际市场进行贸易, 从而实现各自的绝对利益；而李嘉图认为对于处于绝对优势的国家，应集中力量生产优势较大的商品，处于绝对劣势的国家，应集中力量生产劣势较小的商品，从而实现相对即比较利益。,有绝对优势一定有比较优势，有比较优势不一定有绝对优势。绝对优势是同一产品一国对另一国的优势，是内生的，而比较优势理论是同一国一产品对另一种产品的优势，是外生性的,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,The suppliers come from U.S. ,Japan, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, South Korea, United Kingdom,Even the Boeing 777 Isnt All American,So it is increasingly difficult to say what is a “U.S.” product; what is “Japanese” product.,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.3 Benefits of International Trade,(2) Goods or services of greater variety A chance to obtain a wider variety of products Living standards of the people is improved,Goods or services at a lower price Comparative advantages The same quality at lower prices Trade is beneficial to all the participants Competition makes prices even lower,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,一个牛肉与土豆的例子。如果世界上只有两个人：养牛的人和种土豆的人。如果两个人“老死不相往来”，那么，在吃了几个月烤牛肉、煮牛肉、炸牛肉和烧牛肉之后，养牛人肯定觉得自己并不怎么惬意；同样，一直吃土豆泥、炸土豆、烤土豆和用贝壳烘土豆的农民肯定也有同感。如果牛肉和土豆之间展开贸易，这时每个人就都可以有汉堡包和炸薯条了。,贸易可以让生活变得更美好,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.3 Benefits of International Trade,（3）Promotion of economic growth Market is expanded,Development of economies of scale,Economies of scale are the financial advantages that a company gains when it produces large quantities of products. 规模经济规模经济，是指由于生产专业化水平的提高等原因，使企业的单位成本下降，从而形成企业的长期平均成本随着产量的增加而递减的经济。即扩大经营规模可以降低平均成本，从而提高利润水平。,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.3 Benefits of International Trade,Creating jobs Enhancing domestic competitiveness Diversifying/reducing dependence onexisting markets Extending the life cycle of existing products Stabilizing seasonal market fluctuations Selling excess capacity Gaining information about foreigncompetition,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,To make up for a deficit on the balance of payment.To guarantee national security.To protect their national industries.,1.4.1 Reasons for trade restrictions,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,魅族3， 美国亚马逊 价格593刀，注意。这是黑色星期五打折后逗我价格。3600对比国内的2300可谓天上地下,由星巴克价格门引出的国内外多种商品间的价格比拼,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,A. Tariffs 关税壁垒,1.4.2 Methods of restrictions,A tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a country.,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,a. Types of tariffs,According to the time of collection import duty export duty,According to the methods in which tariffs are collected specific duty 从量税 ad valorem duty 从价税 mixed or compound duty 混合关税,All the duties are not independent of each other, i.e. a duty can be an import, a protective, and a compound duty at the same time.,A. Tariffs 关税壁垒,According to the purpose of collection revenue tariff protection tariff,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒,1.4.2 Methods of restrictions,NTBs as defined by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allow an importing country to introduce measures which are necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health.,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,a. Quota 配额制 (the most important),This is a quantitative restriction or upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒,b. Voluntary Export Restrains (VERs) 自动出口限制,Voluntary export restrains enable one country to force onto another country through bilateral agreement a low rate of increase in export volume.,“自动出口限制”在形式上表现为自愿性，但在实质上却具有强制的性质：进口国往往以商品大量进口使其有关工业受到严重损害，造成“市场混乱”为理由，要求出口国实行有秩序的增长，自动限制商品出口。因此，“自动出口限制”往往是出口国在面临进口国采取报复性贸易措施的威胁时所作出的一种选择。,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,c. Anti-dumping 反倾销,Anti-dumping is a kind of trade remedies; the premise of such practice is that the country must show that its domestic industry has suffered “material” injury by dumped or subsidized imports. 倾销，是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒,d. Export Subsidies 出口补贴,Export subsidies are direct payments or the granting of tax relief and subsidized loans to the nations exporters or potential exporter or low-interest loans to foreign buyers so as to stimulate the nations exports. 一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，增加其在国际市场的竞争力，在出口某商品时给予出口商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇 。,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,e. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)技术壁垒,TBT refers to unjustified technical regulations and standards applied to imported products as well as complicated certification and conformity assessment procedure.,B. Non-tariffs Barriers （NTBs）非关税壁垒,f. International Cartels 国际卡特尔,列宁指出：“资本主义早已造成了世界市场。所以随着资本输出的增加，随着最大垄断同盟的国外联系和殖民地联系以及势力范围的扩张，自然就使得这些垄断同盟之间达成全世界的协定，形成国际卡特尔”（列宁选集第2卷，第788页）。,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,Trade barriers tariffs non-tariffsSocio-cultural barriers Language Religion Customs and mannersEconomic barriers exchange rate extra cost,To think globally, but to act locally,1.4 Barriers to International Trade,中国人砍价,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International Trade,A. GATT VS WTO,1.6.1 International Organizations,世界贸易组织是根据乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判达成的建立世界贸易组织协议（Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization) 于1995年1月1日建立的，取代1947年的关说与贸易总协定。,GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade关税及贸易总协定1947年10月30日在日内瓦签订,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,WTO,The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 , replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948.,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,The WTO has 159 members,WTO founder members (1 January 1995) WTO subsequent members,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,On 11 december 2001, China become the 143rd member of the WTO,中国台北 2002年1月1日加入,中国香港、澳门1995年1月1日加入,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International Trade,B. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 国际商会,国际商会是为世界商业服务的非政府间组织，是联合国等政府间组织的咨询机构国际商会于1919年在美国发起，1920年正式成立其总部设在法国巴黎。,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,世界银行（WBG）是世界银行集团的俗称，于1945年成立。“世界银行”这个名称一直是用于指国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）和国际开发协会（IDA）。这些机构联合向发展中国家提供低息贷款、无息信贷和赠款。 它是一个国际组织，其一开始的使命是帮助在第二次世界大战中被破坏的国家的重建。今天它的任务是资助国家克服穷困，各机构在减轻贫困和提高生活水平的使命中发挥独特的作用。在2012年，世界银行为发展中国家或转型国家提供了大约300亿美元的贷款或帮助。,C. World Bank 世界银行,1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International Trade,现任行长 金辰勇，韩裔医学专家，美国籍，,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,国际货币基金组织（英语：International Monetary Fund，简称：IMF）是根据1944年7月在布雷顿森林会议签订的国际货币基金协定，于1945年12月27日在华盛顿成立的。与世界银行同时成立、并列为世界两大金融机构之一，其职责是监察货币汇率和各国贸易情况，提供技术和资金协助，确保全球金融制度运作正常。其总部设在华盛顿。我们常听到的“特别提款权”就是该组织于1969年创设的。,C. International Monetary Fund (IMF) 国际货币基金组织,1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International Trade,法国财长克里斯蒂娜拉加德被选为新一任总裁和执行董事会主席,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International Trade,United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 联合国国际货物销售合同公约,1.6.2 Laws and Regulations,B. Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) 跟单信用证统一惯例,C. INCOTERMS 国际贸易术语解释通则,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,国际商务环境,进口商,生产厂家,海关,税务局,出口商,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,Thank you!,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,演讲完毕，谢谢听讲!,再见，see you again,3rew,英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论,11/22/2022,