戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章ppt课件 Morphology.ppt

,英语语言学English Linguistics,Chapter Three Morphology,3.1 Introduction,The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.Morphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. (the study of forms of words),3.2 Open class and closed class,Open class words-content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, internet, “做秀，时装秀” in Chinese. Closed class words-grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns, to which few new words can be added (e.g. the eas a new neutral third person singular pronoun has not been accepted).,3.3 Morphemes,Words are the smallest free form(unit) with meaning found in language. E.g The boys left. In the sentence, the plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation.Morpheme - the minimal unit of meaning; the smallest meaningful elements of language.,They can not be further cut. It is true that the word friendship consists of 10 letters, but these letters in isolation are meaningless. The possible smallest meaningful segments of the word are friend and ship. -Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.,1-morpheme boy, desire2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness6-morpheme （反对教会与国家分开学说）anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism,1) Free vs. Bound morphemes: Free morpheme: the morpheme that may constitute a word by itself (which can be a word by itself), e.g boy, girl, table, nation.Bound morpheme: the morpheme that cannot occur alone as a word, e.g s indogs, al in national dis in disclosed,ed in recorded.,2) Allomorphs语素（词素）变体,-any of the different form of a morpheme 语素的任何不同形式Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme. e.g,The plural morpheme may be represented by: map-mapss dog-dogsz watch-watches iz The morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two forms: a building an orange; Each of the variants is called an allomorph of a morpheme. Here are special forms: mouse-miceai ox-oxenn tooth-teeth i:,Phoneme, morpheme and allomorph,Phoneme /p/ p Morpheme -s plural marker of nounsAllomorphs: s z is,3.4 Analyzing word structure,Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, e.g. friend as in unfriendliness. Roots may be free: those that can stand by themselves, e.g. black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves, e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.,Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into prefix (dis-, un-) - morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc.suffix (-en, -ify) morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. -ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, ion, etc.,Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. e.g write v. - rewrite v.Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. e.g help v. - helpful adj.,Stem,A stem is a form to which affixes can be attached. Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the stem friend, to which the derivational suffix -ship is attached to form a new stem friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached. friendship=friend(stem)+ship friendships=friendship(stem)+s,3.5 Derivational and Inflectional morphemes,Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g friend+ -ly friendly.Inflection: grammatical endings, e.g plural, tense, comparative, etc. e.g,Besides the suffixes, which are used to derive words, there are other suffixes, which are added to words as markers of grammatical categories and hence called inflectional morphemes. English has only several inflectional morphemes.,Inflection,1) noun inflections: -s boys, boys The form is also used for verb 3rd- 2) verb inflections: -(e)d ( past tense) wanted -en (past participle) -ing ( present participle) wanting -s (third person singular) wants 3)adjective and adverb inflections: -er (comparative) smaller, -est (superlative) smallest,Types of English Morphemes:,Bound Morphemes Free MorphemesBound Roots (lexical/grammatical) Derivational morpheme Free Roots(Prefixes/Suffixes) Inflectional morpheme (Suffixes),3.6 Morphological rules of word formaion,- the rules that govern the formation of words, e.g un+ADJECTIVE = not -ADJECTIVE unfair unthinkable unacceptable (Exceptions: sad - *unsad brave - *unbrave) noun+-ly adjective friendly, daily, lovelyadjective+-ly adverb quickly (Morphological rules may be productive or less productive.),3.7 Derivation (definition p.37),Class-changing:NV: lengthen, hospitalize, discardNA: friendly, delightful, speechlessVN: worker, employee, inhabitantVA: acceptable, adorableAN: rapidness, rapidityAV: deafen, sweetenAdjAdv: exactly, quickly,Class-preserving (unchanged):NN: nonsmoker, ex-wife, bookletVV: disobey, unfastenAA: grayish, irrelevant,Class preserving,3.8 Compounds & Compounding,Compounding - A way by which two or more free roots are combined to make a new word Compounds - words formed with two or more free footsNoun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmillVerb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, babysitAdjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, dutyfreePreposition compounds: into, throughout,Written forms of compoundsSolid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguardHyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-lengthOpen: coffee table, washing machineFree variation: businessman, business-man, business manwinebottle, wine-bottle, wine bottleno one, no-one, noone,Some points about compoundsSyntactically, when the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady, blue-black When the two words fall into different categories, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. e.g. pickpocket,Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element. e.g. red coat, green house, Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. e.g. bluestocking, bluefilm , bigwig, turncoat.Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. (as mentioned before),Exercises: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one will be the best answer to the question, or will best complete the sentence. 1.The morpheme “-s” in the common word “laptops” is a(n) _. A. root B.inflectional morpheme C. free morpheme D.stem,2.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _. A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase D. None of the above,3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _. A. the first element B. the second element C. either the first or the second element D. both the first and the second elements,4. _ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, to form a word. A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Free roots D. Words5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic,6. Bound morphemes are those that _ . A. have to be used independently B. cannot be combined with other morphemes C. can either be free or bound D. have to be combined with other morphemes 7. _ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A.Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Words,8.There are _ morphemes in the word “ran ” . A. one B. two C. three D. none,