对口高职英语总复习动词ppt课件.pptx

,英语,对口升学总复习,PART01,考点解读、分析解读,在四川省历年对口升学考试中，动词一直是考查的重点。对动词的考查主要集中在动词词义辨析、动词短语词义辨析、连系动词用法和情态动词用法上，因此学生必须掌握动词的分类及其各类动词的用法。,PART02,知识要点,一、动词的定义动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气三种形式的变化。动词有五种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词(ed形式)和现在分词(ing形式)。二、动词的分类1. 动词按性质可分为实义动词(又叫行为动词，包括及物动词和不及物动词)、连系动词(又叫系动词)、助动词和情态动词四类。2. 动词按时限可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词(又叫瞬间动词)。3. 动词按其在句中的功能可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。(1)谓语动词：用于谓语中的动词称为谓语动词。按其能否独立作谓语，谓语动词又分为两类：能独立作谓语的动词称为完全动词，即实义动词；不能独立作谓语的动词称为不完全动词，包括连系动词、情态动词、助动词。(2)非谓语动词：不充当谓语的动词形式称为非谓语动词，包括不定式、分词(现在分词和过去分词)、动名词三种，它们在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。,三、实义动词1. 及物动词(1)及物动词后一般情况下都可以加宾语，可以直接跟名词、代词、动名词等。如：He likes English. 他喜欢英语。(跟名词)We avoided talking about the subject. 我们避免谈论这个学科。(跟动名词)(2)可以同时跟两个宾语的及物动词被称为双宾语动词，直接宾语为动词直接涉及的事物，间接宾语往往指涉及的人(可简单记为“直物间人”)。如：Can you lend me a bike？你能借给我一辆自行车吗？My parents bought me a new pen. 父母给我买了一支新钢笔。注：间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前，有时候也可以放在直接宾语的后面，但要用介词to或for与直接宾语隔开。如：Can you lend a bike to me? 你能借给我一辆自行车吗？My parents bought a new pen for me. 父母给我买了一支新钢笔。,常与介词to搭配的动词有give, pass, tell, show, offer, sell等，介词to侧重动作方向，表示“朝着，向着，对着(某人)”；常与介词for搭配的动词有bring, buy, sing, keep, get等，介词for侧重指动作的受益者，表示“为(某人)，替(某人)”。2. 不及物动词(1)不及物动词一般情况下都不可以加宾语。常见的不及物动词有 listen, look, cry, die, fall, sit, laugh, happen, rise, swim, run, jump, ache, sleep等。如：Her back ached. 她的背疼。I want to sleep. 我想睡觉。(2)不及物动词和介词一起使用时，后面可跟宾语。常见的这种结构有belong to, listen to, look at, lead to, refer to, believe in等。如：Listen to the teacher carefully, boys and girls. 同学们，认真听老师讲课。We should rely on ourselves. 我们应当靠自己。,3. 既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词的动词在很多情况下，及物动词可作不及物动词用，不及物动词可作及物动词用。这类动词很多，常见的有run, mind, cheat, beat, call, dress, head, hurt, meet, play, show等。如：I ran as quickly as I could. 我尽量快跑。Teach me how to run business. 教我怎样管理企业。Do you mind if I open the window? 你介意我开窗吗？Im staying home to mind the children. 我留在家里看孩子。四、连系动词连系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。1. 最常用的连系动词是be。如：They are doctors. 他们是医生。We are in his room. 我们在他的房间里。,2. 连系动词除be外，还有部分实义动词也可充当连系动词，常见的有如下几类。(1)表示人体感官的感官动词(look, feel, smell, sound, taste等)。如：She looks pale. 她看起来脸色苍白。Roses smell sweet. 玫瑰闻起来很香。His explanation sounded reasonable. 他的解释听起来很有道理。(2)表示变化过程的动词(become, get, turn, come, go, grow, run等)。如：Your dream will come true one day. 你的梦想总有一天会实现。He became a teacher. 他当了一名老师。His face turned red with anger. 他的脸由于生气变红了。(3)表示结果的动词(get, prove, come, turn out, fall等)。如：The door came open. 门开了。She turned out (to be) a friend of my sisters. 她最终成了我姐姐的朋友。,(4)表示延续、保持意义的动词(continue, keep, remain, stay, rest, stand等)。如：The weather has stayed hot this week. 本周天气一直都很热。In spite of their quarrel, they remained the best friends.尽管他们吵过架，但他们仍然是最好的朋友。五、助动词助动词本身无意义或意义不完整，不能单独作谓语，其作用是辅助实义动词组成谓语，构成句子的疑问式、否定式以及构成各种时态、语态和语气。常见的助动词有be, have, do, shall, should, will, would等。如：She doesnt know my mother. 她不认识我妈妈。I have been to the Great Wall three times. 我已去过长城三次。Do work hard. 一定要努力学习。I will take exercise this evening. 今天晚上我要锻炼身体。注：be, have, do有人称、数和时态的变化。,六、情态动词情态动词是表示能力、义务、猜测说话人的语气或情态的动词，其特点是与动词原形连用，没有人称和数的变化，有词义。常见的情态动词有can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare等。1. 情态动词的一般用法(1)can和could表示能力。如：Her brother can speak French. 她的弟弟会讲法语。When he was young, he could swim very well. 当他小的时候，他很会游泳。表示客观可能性。如：Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能犯错误。Man cant live without air. 人类没有空气就不能生活。表示许可，相当于may。如：Can I go now? 我现在可以走了吗？You can sit here. 你可以坐这儿。,表示请求。在这种语境下， could比can的语气更委婉客气。could此时和can没有时间上的差别，它主要用于疑问句，不用于肯定句，因此回答时要改用can。如：Could I come here again tomorrow? 我明天可以再到这儿来吗？Yes, you can. 可以。表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度，主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。如：This cant be done by him. 这不可能是他干的。Can this be true? 这会是真的吗？How can you be so careless? 你怎么会那么粗心？注：can, could表示通过训练而具有某种能力，can表示现在或将来，could则表示过去，它们可用于被动语态；be able to有多种时态且表示通过努力成功做成某事。(2)may和might表示允许、请求。如：,May I watch TV now? 我现在可以看电视吗？Yes, you may/can. 可以。(No, you cant/mustnt/had better not. 不可以/最好不要。)You may go now. 你现在可以离开了。Might I go with you? 我可以和你一起去吗？注：这里并不表示是过去，而是表示更委婉的语气，其回答很灵活。表示可能性，一般用于肯定句；用于否定句时，意为“可能不”。如：He may be very busy these days. 他这段时间可能会很忙。The story may not be true. 这个故事可能不是真的。注：may be意为“可能是，可能在”；maybe是副词，意为“大概，也许，可能”。表示祝愿，不用might。如：May you enjoy yourself! 祝你玩得愉快！May you succeed! 祝你成功！,(3)must, have to和ought tomust表示“必须，应该”，强调主观看法，只有现在时形式，其否定式是must not/mustnt。以must开头的问句，其否定回答要用neednt或dont have to。如：Must I do it at once? 我现在必须做吗？Yes, you must./No, you neednt. 是的，必须做。/不，不必了。You must obey all the rules. 你应该服从所有规定。You must not smoke here. 你不可以在这儿吸烟。注：a. must还可以表示必然的结果。如：All men must die. 所有的人终将一死。If you dont hurry, you must miss the train. 如果你不快点，就会赶不上火车。b. must表推测时，只用于肯定句。have to着重客观需要，能用于更多的时态(过去时或将来时)。如：He will have to get there before ten. 他将在10点以前到那儿。As he had broken his leg, he had to lie in bed. 因为他摔断了腿，他不得不躺在床上。,ought to表示义务和责任，比should语气更强。如：You ought to take care of yourself. 你应该照顾好你自己。Such things ought not to be allowed to happen again. 这样的事情不许再发生了。(4)need和dareneed表示“需要，必要”，只用于否定句和疑问句中。在肯定句中，常用must和have to代替。如：You neednt call him. 你不必打电话给他。Need I come? 我有必要来吗？Yes, you must./No, you neednt. 是的，必须来。/不，不必了。注：need还可作实义动词，后面跟动词不定式。dare表示“敢”，通常用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。如：She dare not do it. 她不敢做。Dare you go home alone at eleven in the evening? 晚上11点你一个人敢回家吗？He asked me if I dare go there alone. 他问我是否敢一个人去那儿。注：I dare say意为“我猜测，或许，可能”；dare还可作实义动词，后面跟动词不定式。,(5)will和wouldwill的用法。a表示请求、建议，常用于第二人称。如：Will you please go with me? 请和我一起去好吗？b表示意愿、决心、允诺。如：I will never do that again. 我再也不做那种事了。Come whenever you will. 无论你什么时候来，都欢迎。c表示习惯性动作或某种倾向，常用于第三人称。如：Fish will die out of water. 鱼儿离不开水。d表示责任、义务，意为“必须，一定”。如：You will do as I say. 你必须按照我说的做。would的用法。a表示请求、建议。如：Would you like a cup of tea? 你想要喝茶吗？Yes, Id like to./No, thanks. 是的，想要。/不用了，谢谢。,b表示过去习惯性的动作或倾向。如：We would play badminton on Sundays. 我们过去常在星期天打羽毛球。He would sit like that for hours. 他老是像那样坐上几个小时。c. would rather do sth. than do sth.意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”。如：He would rather die than give in. 他宁愿死也不愿让步。d. “would rather从句(虚拟语气)”意为“宁愿”。如：Id rather you told me the truth right now. 我宁愿你现在就把真相告诉我。Id rather you had been present at the meeting . 我宁愿你参加了那个会议。(6)shall和shouldshall的用法。a在问句中表示征求对方的意见或请求，用于第一、三人称。如：What shall we do now? 我们现在做什么呢？Shall she come right now? 她要马上来吗？注：在回答Shall I . 时，不可用Yes, you shall/No, you shall not，而应该说Yes, please/No, please dont。,b表示说话人的允诺、命令或威胁，用于第二、三人称。如：You shall do as your father says. 你应该按照你父亲说的那样做。Tell her that she shall have the book tomorrow. 告诉她明天应该有书了。c表示决心或决定。如：I shall come if I want to. 如果我想来，我就一定会来。should的用法。表示劝告、建议、命令。如：You should wash your hands first. 你应该先洗手。We should learn how to use computers. 我们应该学会如何使用电脑。2. 情态动词的其他用法情态动词除各自本身的词义外，还可以表示推测和责备等意义。(1)表示推测时，肯定句一般用must, may, might, would, should, ought to；否定句用can not, could not, may not, might not；疑问句用can, could。表示对现在的推测。,a表示对现在状态的推测。如：He must be in the office. 他一定在办公室。He may be in the office. 他可能在办公室。He would be in the office. 他大概在办公室。He should/ought to be in the office. 他应该在办公室。He cant be in the office. 他一定不在办公室。He maynt be in the office. 他可能不在办公室。Can he be in the office? 他会在办公室吗？b表示对现在动作的推测。如：Your mother must be waiting for you at home. 你妈妈一定在家等你。Your mother may be waiting for you at home. 你妈妈可能在家等你。He cant be watching TV now. 他现在不可能在看电视。,表示对过去的推测。“must/may/might/couldhave过去分词”常用来表示对过去事情的推测，在否定句和疑问句中常用“can/couldhave过去分词”。如：It must have rained last night. 昨晚一定是下了雨。It may have rained last night. 昨晚可能下了雨。The door was locked. He can/could not have been at home. 门锁着，他不可能在家。Can he have got the book? 难道他拿到书了吗？表示对将来的推测。“must/may/might/can/could/ought to动词原形”表示对将来情况的推测，常与表示将来的时间状语连用或用在一定的上下文中。如：She must arrive before five. 5点前她准到。Can she arrive before five? 5点前她能到吗？Im afraid she cant. 我想她到不了。,(2)表示责备和批评。should/ought to have done表示“本应该做某事而实际上未做”；should not/ought not to have done表示“原本不应该做某事而实际上做了”。如：You should have been here five minutes ago. 你本应该5分钟前就到这儿了。You ought to have helped me. 你本应该帮助我的。Alice ought not to have made such silly mistakes. 爱丽丝原本不应该犯这种愚蠢的错误。neednt have done表示“本不需做某事而实际上做了”。如：You neednt have waited for me. 你不必等我的。,七、短语动词的分类1. 动词介词常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of, belong to等，这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后面。如：Dont laugh at others. 不要嘲笑别人。This book belongs to me. 这本书是属于我的。He was still looking for the blue pen. 他还在找那支蓝色的钢笔。2. 动词副词常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前面，又可放在副词后面；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前面。如：Youll hand in your homework tomorrow. 你明天要交上你的作业。Please dont forget to hand it in. 请不要忘记交了。,3. 动词副词介词常见的有 go on with, catch up with等，这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后面。如：Go on and Ill catch up with you in five minutes. 继续往前走，我会在五分钟后赶上你。After a short rest, he went on with his research work. 短暂休息后，他又继续他的研究工作。4. 动词名词介词常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等，这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后面。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting. 你应该注意你的书写。We should make full use of our time. 我们应该充分利用时间。,5. 动词形容词常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前面，也可放在后面；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前面。如：The prisoners were set free. 囚犯们被释放了。He cut it open. 他把它切开了。6. 动词名词常见的有take place, make friends等，这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：This story took place three years ago. 这个故事发生在三年前。I always make friends with kind people. 我总是和善良的人交朋友。Try not to shake hands with a lady unless she offers her hand first.尽量不要去和女士握手，除非她主动伸出手来。,八、部分动词的用法比较1. receive和acceptreceive意为“收到，接到”，指收、接的动作，表示客观事实； accept意为“接受，领受”，表示当事人的态度。如：I received an invitation yesterday, but I didnt accept it. 我昨天收到了一份邀请，但我没接受。Finally we accepted their explanation. 最后我们接受了他们的解释。I received a birthday gift from her. 我收到了她给我的生日礼物。2. beat, defeat和winbeat, defeat表示“战胜(对手)”；win表示“赢得(比赛、项目、战争、名次、奖品等)”。如：We beat/defeated them by the score of 5 to 3. 我们以53 赢了他们。He was defeated at chess. 他在国际象棋比赛中被击败了。,We have won great victories. 我们取得了伟大的胜利。John won the race. 约翰赢得了赛跑。He won the first prize in the swimming race. 他在游泳比赛中获得了第一名。3. borrow 和lendborrow是“借进”，表示“向借，从借”，可以和from连用；lend是“借出，借给”，可以和to连用。如：He borrowed a ruler from me. 他从我这儿借了一把直尺。May I borrow your umbrella？我可以借你的雨伞吗？Sorry, I have lent it to him. 不好意思，我已经借给他了。4. bring, fetch和takebring表示从别处“拿来，带来”，指单程； fetch表示“去拿来”，指往返双程； take表示“拿走，带走，拿着”。如：Bring me some apples, please. 请给我拿些苹果来。,When you come next time, bring your sister with you. 你下次来的时候，请带上你的妹妹。She goes to fetch her son from the kindergarten every afternoon.她每天下午都要去幼儿园接她的儿子。Fetch the doctor at once. 请马上去叫医生来。It is going to rain. Take the umbrella with you. 要下雨了，带上雨伞。Father will take his daughter to the zoo. 父亲要带女儿去动物园。5. raise 和riseraise是及物动词，后面跟宾语，表示“举起，提高，增高”； rise是不及物动词，后面不能跟宾语，表示“上升，上涨，增长”。如：They raised the prices again. 他们又抬高了价格。The prices rose again. 价格又涨了。The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。,6. hope和wish两个词都表示“希望”，但用法有相同点和不同点。相同用法：hope/wishto do sth.；hope/wishfor sth.；hope/wish从句。“hope从句”表示“希望”；“wish从句”表示“愿望”，从句要用虚拟语气。不同用法：“wishsb.to do sth.”表示“希望某人做某事”；wish有“wish间接宾语直接宾语”的用法，而hope无此用法。如：I hope/wish to be back home at seven. 我希望七点回家。We all hope/wish for happiness. 我们都希望幸福。Hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 希望事情是美好的，但要做最坏的打算。I hope he succeeds. 我希望他成功。Do you wish me to go with you? 你希望我和你一起去吗？7. reach, get和arrivereach是及物动词，后面直接接地点名词；get是不及物动词，表示到达某地时，必须在地点名词前加to (get here, get there, get home除外)；arrive是不及物动词，arrive at小地点名词，arrive in大地点名词。如：,He reaches school early every day.He gets to school early every day. 他每天很早到达学校。She arrived in Shanghai by plane yesterday and then she arrived at her hotel by taxi.她昨天乘飞机到达上海，然后坐出租车到达宾馆。8. cost, pay, spend和take四个词都有“花费”的意思。cost的主语是物；pay, spend的主语是人；take的主语通常是it，且常指花费时间。如：This book cost me thirty yuan.I paid thirty yuan for this book.I spent thirty yuan on this book. 这本书花了我三十元钱。I spent 10 minutes (in) reading this book. 我花了十分钟看这本书。It takes me 10 minutes to go to school on foot every day.我每天步行上学要花十分钟。,9. put on, have on, wear和dress四个词都表示“穿”的意思，但用法不同。put on表示动作，意为“穿上”；have on表示状态，意为“穿着”，不可用于进行时；wear表示状态，意为“穿着”，指习惯性的动作， be wearing则指一定时间、地点的穿戴状态；dress既可表示动作，又可表示状态。dress作及物动词用时，表示“替穿衣”，宾语应是人，常用于“dresssb./oneself”结构中；作不及物动词用时，意为“穿衣”，表示经常性的状态。如：Put on more clothes. Its cold outside. 多穿点衣服，外面冷。He always has on/wears a blue coat. 他总是穿一件蓝色外套。I am wearing a new coat today. 我今天穿了一件新外套。Please dress/get dressed quickly. 请迅速穿好衣服。,PART03,典例解析,()1. (2015年对口升学考试)Youd better put on a heavy coat. Sometimes it _ be very cold here at night.A. should B. can C. could D. must【点拨】本题考查情态动词的辨析。can 用于否定句和疑问句，表示推测；should表示预测；must表揣测，只用于肯定句。句意：“你最好穿上一件厚外套，有时候这儿夜里非常寒冷。”()2. (2016年对口升学考试)May I smoke here?No, you _ .A. mustnt B. mightnt C. wont D. neednt【点拨】本题考查对情态动词may表示“请求、允许”时的回答。肯定回答用Yes, you may；否定回答No, you mustnt。,D,A,()3. (2016年对口升学考试)The plane has been _ because of the heavy rain.Oh, bad luck!A. put off B. put on C. put up D. put away【点拨】本题考查动词短语辨析。句意：“飞机因为大雨而推迟了。噢，真不走运！”put off推迟；put on穿上，增加；put up张贴，举起；put away放好，储存。()4. (2017年对口升学考试)_we go shopping this afternoon?Yes, lets do that.A. Shall B. Do C. Must D. Will【点拨】本题考查情态动词的辨析。shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示征求对方意见。句意：“我们今天下午去购物好吗？好的，我们一起去。”,A,A,()5. (2017年对口升学考试)I think I have _ weight. I need to take more exercise.A. put off B. put in C. put up D. put on【点拨】本题考查动词短语辨析。 put off推迟；put in放进；put up张贴，举起；put on穿上，增加。结合句意，put on weight为体重增加。,D,PART04,同步精练,()1. I can hardly _ the difference between the two words.point B. speak C. say D. tell【解析】 tell the difference分辨差异；point指出；say说；speak讲话。句意：“我不能分辨出这两个词的差异。”故选D。()2. I _ you will write me back soon.wish B. hope C. want D. need【解析】 wish比hope更虚，一般指不太有把握会实现的愿望；hope后面的成分表示即将实现的愿望；want, need 后一般不接宾语从句，而接动词不定式作宾语。根据句意，故选B。,D,B,()3. I asked him to _ me a few minutes so that I could have a word with him.spend B. spare C. save D. share【解析】 spend花费；spare抽出(时间)；save节约；share分享。根据句意，故选B。()4. The police are _ the matter and they will give us a result.A. looking up B. looking forC. looking into D. looking after【解析】 look up查阅；look for寻找；look into调查；look after照顾。根据句意，故选C。,B,C,()5. The book _ me twenty yuan.spent B. cost C. took D. paid【解析】 四个词都有“花费”之意。spend, pay的主语是人；cost的主语是物；take的主语常是it。故选B。()6. They _ Beijing last night.arrived B. got C. arrived in D. reached to【解析】 “到达”的表达方式：arrive in大地方；arrive at小地方；get to地点名词；reach地点名词。故选C。,B,C,()7. If no one _ the phone at home, ring me at work.answers B. returns C. replies D. receives【解析】 answer the phone 接电话。故选A。()8. Careless driving _ a lot of highway accidents.affects B. gives C. causes D. results【解析】 affect影响；give给；cause引起，导致；result in 导致。句意：“粗心的驾驶会导致很多事故发生。”故选C。,A,C,()9. Ive_my umbrella in the office and Ill have to fetch it.forgot B. left C. remained D. lost【解析】 leave sth. somewhere把某物忘在某处。故选B。()10. His heart _ fast when the teacher asked him a difficult question.beat B. hit C. jumped D. ran【解析】 beat指心脏有规律地跳动；hit打，击；jump跳跃；run跑。故选A。,B,A,()11. Most children stay at home until they _ school age.get B. come C. reach D. arrive【解析】 reach school age到了上学的年龄； 其余选项为不及物动词。故选C。()12. Im afraid Mr. Brown isnt in. Would you like to_a message?give B. leave C. carry D. take【解析】 leave a message 留言；take a message 捎口信。根据句意，故选B。,C,B,()13. Shall I tell John about it?No, you _. Ive told him already.neednt B. wouldnt C. mustnt D. shouldnt【解析】 句意：“要我告诉约翰这件事情吗？不需要，我已经告诉他了。”故选A。()14. The sports meeting will be _ till next week because of the bad weather.put off B. put away C. put up D. put down【解析】 put off推迟；put away把收好；put up张贴，搭建；put down取下，镇压。句意：“因为天气不好，运动会将要延期。”故选A。,A,A,()15. Readers can _ quite well with