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    第三讲翻译法减译法ppt课件.ppt

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    第三讲翻译法减译法ppt课件.ppt

    第三讲 减译法,词语的增补、重复与省略,第一节 词语的增补与省略,一、根据英语与汉语在语法结构或行文习惯上的需要二、根据英语与汉语的词语含义或修辞手法上的需要,一、根据英语与汉语在语法结构或行文习惯上的需要,有些词语在英语中使用比较广泛(如关联词、代词)或者不能随便省略(如冠词、虚词it、联系动词等),而在汉语却使用较少或可以省略;有些词语在汉语中使用比较广泛(如范畴词、量词、语气助词等)而在英语中却可以省略或较少使用。,()增减关联词,由于汉语意合句多,不强调形式上的完整,只要不妨碍意义的表达,即可省去形式上的东西,英语形合句多,注重把各种关系用语言形式表达出来。所以在汉译英时往往需要增补必要的关联词(连词、介词等);在英译汉时则往往可以省去这些关联词。,(1)传统的出口商品丰富多彩。(2)他在中国工作了一年,然后就回日本去了。(3)好事不出门,坏事传千里。,The array of the traditional products for export are rich and colorful He worked in China for one year,and then returned to Japan Bad news has wings.,(4)留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。(5)我通宵没睡,非常疲倦。 (6)人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青。,Whilethere islife,there ishope. I was fatigued because of sitting up all nightAn death befalls all men alike,Ill keep a loyal heart to make a name in history,(7)空气很轻,也具有重量。 (8)公共场合不准抽烟。 (9)这屋子冬暖夏凉。 (10)我们早 8点上班。,Air has weight,though it is very lightSmoking is not allowed in public placesThis room is warm in winter and cool in summerWe go to work at 8 in the morning,.,(1) If I had known this beforehand,I would not have gone back早知如此,我就不回去了。 (2) Will you call as soon as you can conveniently spare a moment?可否请你有空就来一下? (3) Take the whole into consideration,but do the job bit by bit大处着眼,小处着手。,练习,(4) As it was getting very late,we soon turned back天很晚了,我们马上就回来了。 (5) The soft can overcome the hard,and the weak can defeat me strong柔能克刚,弱能制强。,(6)He will not leave until his business is concluded他不把事办完是不会走的。 (7)The Spring Festival is celebrated joyfully in all over the country全国各地都在欢度春节。 (8)Most substances expand on heating and contrast on cooling大多数物质都热胀冷缩。,(9)In whiter,it is much colder in the north than in the south.冬天,北方比南方冷得多。 (10)The force due to gravitation causes objects to have weight地心引力使物体具有重量。,(二)增减代词,英语中为了避免重复名词,往往使用代词,特别是人称代词和物主代词的使用极为广泛;而汉语中却使用代词较少,只要不妨碍意义的表达,往往要把代词省去。所以英译汉时往往可以省略代词(或把代词改换为名词);汉译英时则往往需要增补必要的代词。,(1)那位老人把手插在口袋里在田野里散步。 (2)原子虽小,但具有很大的能量。,The old man was walking in the field with his hands in pocketsSmall as atoms are,they contain vast amounts of energy.,(3)我上周给他写去一封信,但不知收到没有。 (4)请你原谅,我以后不再提这事了。,I wrote a letter to him last week, but I wonder if he has received it Please excuse me, I shall not mention the matter,(5) That dress was so expensive that I couldnt afford it. (6) As soon as I arrived at Shanghai,I will send you a telegram,那件衣服很贵,我买不起。我一到上海,就给你打电报来。,(7)A cup of tea?(8)How are you feeling today?,要给你倒杯茶吗?今天感觉怎么样?,(三)增减联系动词,由于汉语的描写句一般没有联系动词(即不用动词作谓语,而直接用形容词、名词、介词、短语、或主谓结构作谓语),汉译英时须补上联系动词,有时需将汉语句中形容词前的“很”字省去;英译汉时要省去联系动词;如果汉语中形容词作谓语,往往在前面要增补一个“很”字。,(1)北京的秋天最美。(2)今天天气很好。(3)这苹果很甜。,Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing It is fine todayThe apple tastes sweet,练习,(1) We are happy that you have got well你病好了,我们很高兴。(省略联系动词are和have got,在“高兴”前加“很”字,并将原文第二个谓语译成主谓结构) (2)He has grown old. 他老了。(省略联系动词has grown),(3) That sounds quite reasonable那很有道理。(省略联系动词sounds)Everything is in good order.一切井井有条。(省略联系动词is),(四)增减虚词“it”,英语中无人称代词it,强调句中的it,和语法上作形式主语或形式宾语的it,是汉语中所没有的一种虚词。因此一般说来,在汉译英时要将it补上,在英译汉时要省去不译。,(1) 12点钟了。 It is twelve oclock(2)一天天暖和起来了。 It is getting warm day by day(3)第一次见到她是在法国。 It was in France that I first met her (4)处理这件事是我们的责任。It is our duty to attend this matter.,(5)他们认为为国为民工作是他们的义务。 They regarded it is as their duty to work for the country and the people(6)抱怨是无用的。Its no use complaining (7)是难呀?是我。 Who is it? Its me,(1)Is it far to the station?No,its quite near 火车站远吗?不远,很近。 (2) It was John who bought it这是约翰买的。 (3) It is me,not you, that is to blame应该受到责备的是我,而不是你。,(4) Who was it that called yesterday evening?昨晚来的是谁?(5) Its rather windy today今天风挺大。(6) It will be lovely in the park today今天公园一定很好玩。,(五)增减冠词,由于英语中的冠词是汉语中所没有的,在汉译英时往往需作必要的增补,而在英译汉时,则可以省去不译。,(1)请把门关上。 Shut the door, please(2)整体大干部分。The whole is greater than apart(3)为人民服务是极大的快乐。 It is a great joy to serve the people,(4)把练习做完了吗? Have you finished doing the exercise?(5)任何物质,不管它是固体、液体或气体,都是由原子组成的。 Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid,a liquid or a gas.,(1) His father is an engineer他父亲是工程师。(2) Beijing is the capital of China北京是中国的首都。(3) He is a great loss to the country他的去世是国家的重大损失。,(4) Pollution is injurious to the lungs污染有害于肺。(5)The commander-in-chief inspected a frontier guard unit总司令观察了边防部队。,(六)增减范畴词,英语中有些表示动作或性质的抽象名词(特别是由动词或形 容词派生的名词),有时指人或事物的具体行为或性质,译成汉语时要增补范畴词( category words),以表示某种行为或某种性质所属的范畴。但汉译英时,由于范畴词只表明范畴而没有新的含义,所以可以省去不译。,(1) The preparations for the conference are being made会议的准备工作正在进行。(2) They received us with great enthusiasm他们以非常热情的态度来欢迎我们。 (3)Unemployment in that country is very serious.在那个国家失业现象很严重。,(4)He is at a disadvantage.他处于不利地位。(5)The new worker has learned the use of such a device这个新工人已经学会了这种仪器的使用方法。,(6)In the United States I teach American students about China, and in China this year I have been teaching Chinese about America在美国我给美国学生讲授关于中国的情况;今年我在中国教授有关美国的情况。(7) Much of our mortality is customary.我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。,(8) There is no more scrambling and starving.再也没有抢夺和挨饿一类的事情了。(9) The children are looking forward to Christmas Day孩子们正在期待着圣诞节的到来。 (10)The silence between our two governments has ended(中美)两国政府之间的沉默状态已告结束。,(1)他所能看到的只是马路上一片空旷现象。 What he could see was but a wide emptiness over the road.(2)他在妒忌心理的驱使下犯了罪。He was spurred on by jealousy to commit a crime.,(3) 敌人陷入了困难境地。 The enemy has fallen into a difficulty.(4)国际紧张局势尚未得到缓和。 The international tension has not yet been eased(5)她以惊异的神情注视着我。 She stared at me with astonishment,(七)增减语气助词,汉语的疑问句和感叹句不象英语那样有特殊的词序结构,但汉语中有许多语气助词,如“的”、“吗”、“啦”、“呀”、“嘛”、“啊”、“呢”、“了”等,可以放在句尾作为表达语气的手段。而英语中却没有这样的语气动词。因此,英译汉时,有时需要增补必要的语气助词,汉译英时,没有相应的对等词,只能略去不译。,(1)Hurry up, or well be late快走啊,要不就(2) May I come in?我可以进来吗? (3) What in the world do you mean? 你到底是什么意思呢?,(4) What has happened?发生什么事了?(5) What is this for?这是做什么用的?(6) Dont take it seriously不要认真嘛!,(八)增减表达时态的助词或状语,由于汉语没有词形变化,往往需要通过某些助词和状语(如“曾”、“过”、“已经”、“正在”、“着”、“一直”、“将”、“就”、“要”“会”、“便”等)来体现时态的变化。所以,英译汉时需要增补这类词语;汉译英时,既然英语有动词本身的词形变化来表示相应的时态变化,往往就没有必要译出这类助词或状语。,(l) They are hearing an English talk他们(正)在听一个英语报告。(2) Hell come to see you when he has time他有空时会来看你的。(3)I was and still am working as English teacher in this school.我过去是,现在仍然是这个学校的英语教师。,(4) I have seen the film several times这电影我曾看过好几次了。(5) Did you ever hear such a thing?你听说过这样的事吗?(6) How have you been?你近来怎么样?,(7) He has been in the army for a year他参军已经一年了。(8)We have just been talking about you.我们正谈论你来着。(9)All these years she has been touring about Europe.这些年来她一直在欧洲旅游。,(九)增减量词,英语中数词(包括冠词a)与可数名词直接连用,不插入量词;而汉语中则有很多表示事物的形状、特征和数量的量词,可以直接与可数名词或不可数名词连用。因此,英译汉时要增补必要的量词,汉译英时就要省去某些量词。,(1) They have bought two tractors他们购买了两台拖拉机。(2) This was but a complete lie这只不过是一派胡言。(3) That child has taken a beating那个孩子挨了一顿打,(4)She borrowed an English novel from the library她从图书馆借了一本小说。(5) We had a quarrel我们争吵了一番。,英语虽然不象汉语有那么多的量词,但表量的名词还是有的。只是英语中的量词不能直接和名词连用,一般要在量词和名词之间加介词“of”,这样构成一个名词词组。,a cup of water , a bottle of wine, a piece of paper, a piece of wood, a piece of chalk,a piece of news,a piece of advice, a bunch of grapes,,(一杯水) (一瓶酒) (一片纸) (一块木头) (一支粉笔) (一条新闻) (一个忠告) (一串葡萄),a bunch of flowers, a strip of land,a sheet of paper, a lump of sugar,a grain of rice, a ton of coal, two yards of cloth,(一束花) (一片土地) (一张纸) (一块糖) (一粒饭) (一吨煤) (两码布),(十)增减表示名词复数的词,英语名词复数有词形变化或词形标志,汉语名词复数没有词形变化。除指多数人的名词后面可以加“们”字外,汉语名词的复数一般没有什么标志。但有时也往往在名词前面增加某些词语。因此,英译汉时,有时需要增补这类表示复数的词语,汉译英时要省去这些词语,只需用英语名词的复数形式。,(1)That was a season when flowers were vying with each other in beauty那正是群芳争艳的季节。(2)A conference of outstanding workers is to be held on October群英会定于 10月召开。,(3)When she saw the great changes of her home town, all sorts of feelings welled in her mind.当她看到了家乡的巨大变化,真是感慨万端。(4)Capital construction projects are to last for generations.基本建设是百年大计。(5) The truck was fully loaded with articles of daily use卡车上装满了日用百货。,(6)It will take hours and not minutes to finish writing this article写完这篇文章需要若干小时,而不是几分钟。(7)The enemy was setting up successive lines of defense.敌人在层层设防。(8) Noises may develop in worn engine磨损了的发动机可能产生种种噪音。,(9)Rows of new houses are being built in the countryside在农村一排排新住房正在兴建。 (10)They have overcome numerous difficulties他们克服了重重困难。(11)Chilly gusts of winds with a taste of rain in them had well night depeopled the streets. 阵阵寒风夹着零星雨点使街上空无一人了。,诸位女士,诸位先生,听众,观众,百姓,列强,万民欢腾,千辛万苦,千奇百怪,(Ladies and gentlemen)(the audience) (the common people) (big powers) (The people dance for joy) (all kinds of hard ships)(all sorts of strange things),(十一)增减英语含蓄条件句中的省略部分,由于汉语没有含蓄条件句,英译汉时要补上表示条件的词语(“假如”“倘若”“如果”等);汉译英时又可以省去这些词语译成含蓄条件句。,(1) It would be a shame to stop the work half way如果半途而废就太遗憾了。(2)Under another social system such floods would have caused terrible disasters.倘在另一种社会制度下,这样的洪水是会造成可怕的灾难的。,(3) But for your help, I could not have succeeded如果没有你的帮助,我是不会成功的。(4) Without perseverance,you are sure to fail倘若没有坚忍不拔的精神,你肯定要失败。,

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